The Articles of Confederation CONSTITUTION

1 States and Constitutions Colonies become States, Draft new The Articles of Constitutions, By 1777 ten had constitutions. Battle between those who want well Defined Confederation . Rules and Order (conservatives) and those who To the want to protect individual rights (liberals). State Constitutions were approved by a vote of CONSTITUTION the people or State legislatures. State Constitutions Articles of Confederation Each State CONSTITUTION had a list/bill of rights Weak Central government, limited power. State governments had three branches Unicameral Legislature, used Committees Legislative- Legislative- created laws, most were Bicameral No Executive Executive- Executive- and elected governor No Judicial Judicial- Judicial- power over court systems Each state had one vote Property requirements for office holding was the 9/13 states were needed to pass laws norm Amendments had to be Unanimous Accomplishments Westward settlement Was the CONSTITUTION during the winning of the Revolutionary War The country was not ready for a strong central government, and therefore needed a GLORIOUS FAILURE.

2 But it did have successes: Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785. Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. 1. The Frontier During the Revolution Managing the Frontier in the Early Republic Patriots and Loyalists Tribal alliances Land Ordinance of 1785 Warfare in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Backcountry Indian Intercourse Act of 1790. The Impact of the Battle of Fallen Timber Battle of Tippecanoe Peace of Paris (1783). The Complexity of Western Land Claims Formation of the Northwest Territory The Land Ordinance of 1785. The question of Surveying the land western lands Selling the land Americans and Speculators and Squatters the right of conquest . Ceding the western land The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Northwest Ordinance Thomas' Jefferson's plan of government Approved by Congress July 13, 1787.

3 The Northwest Ordinance Area north of the Ohio River and East of the Government and statehood slavery Mississippi River. Indian land rights Interim federal control while local governments The Indian Intercourse Act of were being developed 1790 Governor, Secretary and Three Judges, The status of Indian nations appointed by Congress to promote civilization . 2. Guarantees of the Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance Whenever a district reached a population of Freedom of religion 5000 free males, it could elect a bicameral Trial by jury legislature and send a non- non-voting member to Each would enter the union "on an equal Congress. footing with the original states.". When the population reached 60,000 free that revenue generated from the sale of a inhabitants the district would be eligible for portion of each township in the state would go statehood.

4 To fund public education . education the first instance of federal aid for education in American history. Northwest Ordinance Problems "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude" were War debts were unpaid, problem with to be allowed. establishing good credit with other nations that a good faith effort would be made to No power to tax respect the Indians in the territory. Could not force Great Britain to leave the western lands. Shays Rebellion, dependence on state militias Social unrest: Shays'. Shays' Rebellion Limitations/Problems Shays's Rebellion, winter, 1786 No Chief Executive No coordination of Daniel Shays led a mob of committees, no uniform farmers in Massachusetts to domestic policy prevent bank foreclosures on farms. Nine of the thirteen states Rarely were all the This showed vulnerability of needed to approve laws delegates present, states state government and lack of voted in blocks, 5 Small ability to maintain order.

5 Versus 8 large. The rebellion prompted 13 out of 13 states needed Never could get the 13. Congress to call for to approve Amendments states to agree representatives to be sent to Philadelphia to discuss constitutional revisions. 3. Continued Continued No power to regulate Led to disputes between No power to enforce laws, Could only ask and interstate commerce states, could not regulate LIMITED national court request could not force to protect American system state courts states to follow the laws business, tariffs interpreted national laws Could not force the No power to enforce British to leave American treaties territory Timeline Prequel to the Timeline (cont'. (cont'd). CONSTITUTION Dec. 1773 Boston Tea Party 1783 Revolutionary War ends with peace treaty The Aborted Annapolis Meeting Apr.)

6 1775 first battles of Revolutionary War, at An attempt to discuss changes to the Articles of Confederation . Lexington and Concord, MA Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states. July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence adopted Shay'. Shay'S REBELLION. by Congress TRADE DIFFICULTIES. Sept. 1786 Hamilton proposes another convention, this time Nov. 15, 1777 Articles of Confederation adopted in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation by Congress May 1787 Philadelphia Convention commences work Mar. 1, 1781 Articles of Confederation ratified by Sept. 17, 1787 Convention concludes its work with a states proposed CONSTITUTION (cont'. (cont'd). (cont'. (cont'd). CONSTITUTION Constitutional Convention (1787). Definition Hamilton asks for another convention to revise.))

7 Revise the Articles . This time at Philly. The CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. The fundamental and organic law of a nation or state, establishing the conception, character, and organization of its Stated Purpose: government, as well as prescribing the extent of its sovereign revisethe Articles power and the manner of its exercise.. exercise.. 12 of 13 states sent delegates Black'. Black's Law Dictionary Sets the broad rules of the game. Not a cross section of the country, but The rules are not neutral- neutral- some participants and policy the elite. Real purpose: Secret meeting options have advantages others don'. don't. Write a new CONSTITUTION Purpose of government is Limited government 4. A Convention of Demi- Demi-Gods? Issue of Representation Franklin Virginia Plan . Plan Edmund Randolph Madison Framework for a new CONSTITUTION Hamilton Representation was to be based on the population of each state or the proportion of each state's revenue Washington contribution William Patterson New Jersey Plan.

8 Plan William Patterson Edmund Randolf Each state should be equally represented regardless of population Connecticut Compromise Three- Three-fifths Compromise (Great Compromise). Created a bicameral legislature Fundamental difference lies between slave and non- non-slave states The first chamber of Congress would be Over 90 percent of the slaves lived in five states (Georgia, apportioned according to number of inhabitants Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia). in each state (House). Compromise result: five slaves would be counted as three In the second chamber, each state would have persons. Supported by slave states to increase representation equal representation (Senate). Supported by nonslave states that advocated principle of property representation Left slavery question unresolved until Civil War Other Compromises Key principles of the CONSTITUTION Separation of powers - assignment of law Electoral College making, law interpreting and law executing House of Reps elected by the people, but the functions to different branches of government Senate appointed by State Legislators (the elite) Checks and balances - the power of scrutiny and interstate vs intrastate trade control of each branch over the other two branches of government slave TRADE can'.

9 Can't be outlawed until 1808. Republicanism - not classical democracy, but based etc on representation, calibrated popular input Federalism - two levels of government, with central government supreme 5. Separation of Powers "Ambition should be matched with ambition". (Madison). Prevents power accumulation in one branch Checks and Balances States versus national government House versus Senate Executive versus legislature Courts versus executive and legislature Senate versus executive on treaties and appointments People through elections versus legislatures Preamble of the CONSTITUTION We the people .. We the people of the United States, in order to .. establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, In adopting [the CONSTITUTION ], the Framers provide for the common defense, promote the envisioned a uniform national system, rejecting general welfare, and secure the blessings of the notion that the Nation was a collection of States, and instead creating a direct link liberty.

10 Do ordain and establish this between the National Government and CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.. America. the people of the United States.. (cont'd). 6. We the people .. (cont'. (cont'd) Federalism .. [The] Congress of the United States, therefore, is not a Confederation of nations in which Federal separate sovereigns are represented by appointed government delegates, but is instead a body composed of representatives of the people. people.. Term Limits v. Thornton, 514 779 (1995) State governments The US CONSTITUTION article I Legislative branch The Basic Structure Two things you don'. don't want to see being made: Preamble Sausage article I: The Legislative Branch Laws article II: The Executive Branch article III: The Judicial Branch article IV: National Unity and Power article V: Amendment Procedure article VI: National Supremacy article VII: Ratification Requirements article I Legislative branch article I Powers of Congress Enumeration of Congress'.)