The Automotive LiDAR Market

1 The Automotive LiDAR MarketApril 2018 Market and Technology OverviewMarket MapLIDAR FOR Automotive : POTENTIAL OEM4 USAC hinaEuropeRussiaRobotic carsADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)USAE uropeChinaKoreaJapanAUTOMOTIVE LiDAR MANUFACTURERS5 IsraelJapanChinaCanadaAustraliaUSAE urope6 KoreaUSAJ apanEuropePOTENTIAL Automotive LiDAR MANUFACTURERS (STEALTH MODE)ILLUMINATION SOURCE PLAYERS7 KoreaEuropeUSAJ apanEEL: Edge Emitting LaserVCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting LaserPHOTODETECTOR PLAYERS8 JapanEuropeUSAP hotodiodes and avalanche PhotodiodesSingle photon avalanche Photodiodes and Silicon PhotomultipliersTechnology OverviewLiDAR PRINCIPLE AND COMPONENTSL ight sourceOpticsOpticsLight scanner orLight diffuserPhotodetectorSignal processorLaser beamLiDAR system3D point cloudThe basic working principle of the LiDAR is very light source illuminates a scene.

2 The light scattered by the objects of the scene is detected by a photodetector. Measuring the time it takes for the light to travel to the object and back from it, allows to know its distance. Computing unitScene under exposuredistance = time x velocity of light10 Automotive LiDAR ECOSYSTEMLiDAR systemsLaser sourcesOptical elementsPhotodetectorsICActive playersR&D playersVCSELEELMEMSPD/APDADC: Analog Digital ConverterAPD: avalanche PhotodiodeEEL: Edge-Emitting LaserFPGA:Field-Programmable GateArrayIC: Integrated CircuitMEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical SystemPD: PhotodiodeSiPM: Silicon PhotomultiplierSPAD: single - photon avalanche DiodeVCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting LaserSPAD/SiPMFPGAO ptical filtersOptical systemsADCA mplifier11 TAXONOMY OF LiDAR TECHNIQUESLiDAR1D2D/3 DScanningMechanicalNon-MEMSM acro-mechanical scanning RisleyprimsMicro-motionMEMSNon mechanicalOptical phased arrayElectro-opticalLiquid crystalNon scanningFlash LiDARS tructured lightMulti camerasStereo vision(scanning of light source)Not under development for Automotive availableSolid-state LiDAR12 Automotive LiDAR PLAYERS13 MEMS LiDARO ptical-phased array LiDARF lash LiDARM ulti-channelsMacro-mechanical scanning Pulsed LiDARCW LiDARFMCWP hase shiftOther mechanical scanningExcept when noted, wavelength is between 830 nm and 940 nm1540 nm10 m1350 nm1550 nmCW: Continuous WaveFMCW.

3 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave1550 nmAUTOMOTIVE LiDAR COMPARISON CHART14 ModelScaLa1 HDL-64 HDL-32 VLP-16RS- LiDAR -32OS-1R-Fans-32 Lux (XX)Channels46432163264324 -8 Range (m)100 -200100 -12080 -100100200100200120 200 Data rate (pts/sec)NA1,300,000700,000300,000640,00 01,310,720640, 5Hz: 10Hz: 20 5Hz: 10Hz: 20 5Hz: 10Hz: 20 5 Hz: 20 Hz: to Power (W) ~7-10 Operating temperatureNA-10 to 50 C-10 to 60 C-10 to 60 C-10 to 60 CNANA-40 to 85 CCost ($)$600$75,000$30,000$8,000$16,800$12,00 0NA$10,000 -$20,000 ADAS vehiclesRobotic vehiclesCurrent offeringMECHANICAL Automotive LiDAR 15 Mechanical LiDAR for ADASM echanical LiDAR for Robotic carsMicro-motion LiDARR isleyprisms LiDAR Active players:Laser diodeRotating mirrorScanning angle 145 In collaboration with: In 2017, Audi released the A8 with Level 3 autonomy thanks to the Scala LiDAR from Valeo.

4 The A8 is capable of traffic jam assist. It is the only LiDAR available for consumer cars. Active players:Robotic cars are equipped with multi-channels LiDAR in which multiple lasers and photodetectors are rotating 360 .These LiDAR are bulky and cannot blend in consumer cars. 1540 nmCapitalizing on its industrial LiDAR , Neptecdevelops new Automotive LiDAR . Other mechanical LiDAR1550 nmADAS: Advanced Driver Assistance SystemsSOLID STATE LIDAR16 USAE uropeIsraelCanadaUSAC hinaMEMS LiDAR playersOPA LiDAR playersChinaSolid-state LiDAR is a broad name to describe LiDAR which are not using conventional motors but semiconductor solutions to scan or steer light through a LiDAROPA LiDAR (Optical Phased Array)Courtesy of PreciseleyMicrotechnologyCorp. In a MEMS LiDAR , a micro-scanner integrated with actuators on silicon steers the laser beam during illumination.

5 Courtesy of QuanergyIn a OPA LiDAR , steering of the illumination is obtained by controlling the phase of an array of lasers. No moving parts More robust. Still difficult to design due to novelty. Batch production Cheaper. Automotive robustness is under test. Macro-mechanical scanning MEMS LiDAROPA LiDARC urrent technology2018 20192022 2023 MEMS: Micro-Electro Mechanical SystemsOPA: Optical Phased ArrayFLASH LIDAR17 USAE uropeFlash LiDAR players10 mIsraelIn Flash LiDAR , a laser beam is not scanned over the scene, but this last is illuminated at once. As a result, no moving part is needed. On the other hand, an array of photodetector is needed to form an image. Photodetector arraysCourtesy of Advanced Scientific Concepts, No moving parts. Potentiallybetter spatial resolution. Photodetector array needed.

6 More photons are needed. Pros and cons of Flash LiDARPIN photodiodesAPDSPADSiPMAPD: avalanche PhotodiodePD: PhotodiodeSiPM: Silicon PhotomultiplierSPAD: single - photon avalanche DiodeCCD or CMOS image sensor with time of flight photon detection but limited to digital one bit operation. High gain and high sensitivity. CMOS technology. Higher gain than PIN ForecastTAM: Total Addressable MarketCONVERGENCES LEADING TO THE ROBOTICS REVOLUTION19 Smartphone Computing & sensor platform Huge annual volume (>1Bu) Quick innovation cycle (<1Y)Why now? Smartphones helped develop advanced microelectronic technologies at low cost The internet provides a communication/cloud computing infrastructurecoupled with high demand for connected devices Autonomous vehicle R&D allows for high-priced technology testbeds fueled by car brands search for differentiationConnectivityYole D veloppement March 2016 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: THE DISRUPTION CASE20188019602000202020302035 Technology x Market PenetrationImprovement of cars as we know5 years10 years20 years40 years80 yearsYole D veloppement August 2015 Below expectation cars fulfilling needs in a new plane of consumptionDisruption ?

7 ElectronicsInvades carsElectric carmaturesIndustrializationphaseNew use casesAutomateddrivingAutonomousvehiclesR obotic carsTwo distinctive paths for autonomous vehiclesMARKET PENETRATION OF ADAS VEHICLES21020406080100120140160020406080 100120140160 Robotic vehicles sales (Munits)ADAS vehicles sales (Munits)Robotic and Light vehicle sales breakdown forecast by level of autonomy ADAS Level 0 ADAS Level 1 ADAS Level 2 ADAS Level 3 ADAS Level 4 ADAS Level 5 Robotic cars023541By 2045, more than 70%of all vehicles sold will integrate autonomous capabilities!NowROBOTIC CARS versus ADAS CARS22201520352055 Yole D veloppement February 201810525%50%90%100%~ 4 years~ 2 years~ 8 yearsADAS car lifetimeADAS car usageRobotic car lifetimeRobotic car usageBatteryrefillDaytime robotic cars24/7 robotic carsAverage Time UsageAverage Lifetime(year)23 Emergence of the robotic vehicle marketLogNumber of vehicles25M50M75M100M2017204720222027203 220372042 Car as we know couldplateau in the 30 sRobotic car disruption ?

8 Robotic carTechnology changesShare of Level 4 Unification of vision technologies?Reaching 5M units cumulated2% Critical mass is reachedProduction:50k unit/yProduction:150k unit/yProduction:500k unit/yAUTOMOTIVE Market TREND24 Emergence of the robotic vehicle market1001,00010,000100,0002016202220172 018201920202021 Google Waymo200 vehiclesUberVolvo LyftGM BaiduBYD $ on supplychainUnnoticed50k vehicles more ?LogNumber of vehicles500 vehiclesfrom FCA5k vehiclesmore ?4k / 8k / 12kfrom VolvoLaunch in 2018200?300 vehiclesexpectedROBOTIC VEHICLE Market TREND2510-50 km/h50-80 km/h+ACC> 80 km/hCameraCamera + RadarRadar ,itisusedincombinationwithcameras. ForAEBcity, PRODUCTS VS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY260510152025303540201620172018 2019202020212022202320242025202620272028 2029203020312032 Robotic in million unitsAUTOMOTIVE LiDAR SHIPMENT2702,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012, 00014,00016,00018,00020,0002016201720182 0192020202120222023202420252026202720282 029203020312032 Robotic Cars$111$181$590$953$1,200$1,614$2,231$3 ,131$3,833$4,655$5,075$5,235$5,506$5,786 $6,540$7,313$8,211 ADAS Vehicles$-$8$37$68$95$176$509$740$1,019$ 1,535$2,532$3,523$4,737$6,092$7,391$8,87 5$9,618 Total$111$189$627$1,022$1,294$1,790$2,74 0$3,871$4,852$6,190$7,607$8,757$10,243$1 1,878$13,932$16,188$17,829 REvenues in lillion dollarsAUTOMOTIVE LiDAR MARKET2801,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007 ,0008,0009.

9 0002016201720182019202020212022202320242 0252026202720282029203020312032 Solid-state and Flash LiDAR ($M)$-$-$-$-$-$-$7$30$55$73$118$174$315$ 428$646$1,002$1,492 All mechanical LiDAR ($M)$111$181$590$953$1,200$1,614$2,225$3 ,100$3,778$4,582$4,957$5,060$5,191$5,358 $5,894$6,310$6,719 Total ($M)$111$181$590$953$1,200$1,614$2,231$3 ,131$3,833$4,655$5,075$5,235$5,506$5,786 $6,540$7,313$8,211 Revenues in million dollarsLiDAR Market for Robotic CarsROBOTIC CARS LiDAR Market IN MILLION DOLLARS2902,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0 0020162017201820192020202120222023202420 252026202720282029203020312032 Solid-state and Flash LiDAR ($M)$-$-$-$-$1$5$23$44$92$223$506$1,057$ 1,895$3,229$4,583$6,035$7,550 All mechanical LiDAR ($M)$-$8$37$68$94$171$486$696$927$1,312$ 2,026$2,466$2,842$2,863$2,809$2,840$2,06 8 Revenues in million dollarsADAS LiDAR Market IN MILLION DOLLARS012345678201620172018201920202021 2022202320242025202620272028202920302031 2032 Solid-state and Flash LiDAR (Munit) mechanical LiDAR (Munit) in million units30 ROBOTIC CARS LiDAR SHIPMENT IN MILLION UNITS31051015202530201620172018201920202 0212022202320242025202620272028202920302 0312032 Solid-state and Flash LiDAR (Munit) mechanical LiDAR (Munit) in million unitsADAS LiDAR SHIPMENT IN MILLION UNITSLiDAR Alternatives33 LRRACC, FCW, AEBSRR/MRRCTA, ALCBSD, side-view (mirrorless cars), accident recorder, rear park assistStereo cameras.

10 Direction & distance for LDWS & traffic sign recognitionLidarNight vision cameraPedestrian / animal detection3D camerasGesture recognitionspresence detection,driver monitoringVisible cameras3D mapping of surroundingsSRR/MRRBSD, LCARCTA, AVPL ight detectionand rangingImagingUltrasonicSRRVEASENSORS IN Automotive NAVIGATIONC hina35 LiDAR SystemsLaser SourcesOptical ElementsPhotodetectorsICVCSELEELMEMS ScannersADC: Analog Digital ConverterEEL: Edge-Emitting LaserFPGA:Field-Programmable GateArrayIC: Integrated CircuitIR: InfraredMEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical SystemOPA: Optical Phased ArrayVCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting LaserIR SensorsFPGAO ptical SystemsADCA mplifierZhejiang Crystal-OptechMXTronicsSSMEC(Shenzhen State Micro-electronics) LiDAR UsersMechanicalSolid-stateADASD elivery RobotsRobotic Cars*R&D phase*MEMS and OPACHINESE Automotive LiDAR LANDSCAPE36 Robotic carsADAS vehiclesFreight trucksBuses/ShuttlesDelivery robotsFormula carsUnder testUnder testUnder testUnder testUSE CASE OF Automotive LiDAR IN CHINAO pportunities and Threats for New Companies38 ThreatsApplicationADAS vehicleRoboticvehicleIndustrial gradeRobustnessConsumer priceAestheticCost competitionAutomotive gradeSupply chainTime to marketSafetyLiDAROCTMEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical SystemOCT: Optical Coherence Tomography PET: Positron Emission TomographySiPM.