The Dead Sea Scrolls [Complete English Translation]

1 Table of Contents PENGUIN BOOKS THE COMPLETE DEAD SEA Scrolls INENGLISHT itle PageCopyright PageDedicationPrefaceIntroduction A. The RulesThe Community Rule - (IQS, 4Q255-64, 4Q280, 286-7, 4Q502, 5 QII,13)Community Rule manuscripts from Cave 4 Entry into the Covenant - (4Q275)Four Classes of the Community - (4Q279)The Damascus Document - (CD, 4Q265-73, 5Q12, 6Q15)Damascus Document manuscripts from Cave 4 The Messianic Rule - (1 QSa=1Q28a)The War Scroll - (IQM, 1Q33, 4Q491-7, 4Q471)The War Scroll from Cave 4 - (4Q491, 493)The Book of War - (4Q285, 11Q14)The Temple Scroll - (11QT=11Q19-21, 4Q365a, 4Q524)MMT (Miqsat Ma ase Ha- Torah) - Some Observances of the Law -(4Q394-9)The Wicked and the Holy - (4Q181)4 QHalakhah A - (4Q251)4 QHalakhah B - (4Q264a)4 QTohorot (Purities) A - (4Q274)4 QTohorot B-B - (40276-7)4Q Harvesting - (4Q284a)

2 The Master s Exhortation to the Sons of Dawn - (40298)4Q Men Who Err - (40306)Register of Rebukes - (4Q477)Remonstrances (before Conversion?) - (4Q471) B. Hymns and PoemsThe Thanksgiving Hymns - (IQH, IQ36, 4Q427-32)Hymnic Fragment - (4Q433a)Apocryphal Psalms (I) - (IIQPs=IIQ5,4Q88)Apocryphal Psalms (II) - (4Q88)Apocryphal Psalms (III) - (11 QapPs=11Q11)Non-canonical Psalms - (4Q380-81)Lamentations - (4Q]179,4Q501)Songs for the Holocaust of the Sabbath - (4Q400 407, 11Q17,Masada 1039-200)Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and King Jonathan - (4Q448 )Hymn of Glorification A and B - (4Q491, fr. 11 4Q471b) C. Calendars, Liturgies and PrayersCalendars of Priestly Courses - (4Q320-30, 337)Calendrical Document C - (4Q326)Calendrical Document D - (4Q394 1-2)Calendric Signs (Otot) - (4Q319) Horoscopes or Astrological Physiognomies - (4Q186, 4Q534,4Q561)Phases of the Moon - (4Q317)A Zodiacal Calendar with a Brontologion - (4Q318)Order of Divine Office - (4Q334)The Words of the Heavenly Lights - (4Q504 6)Liturgical Prayer - (1Q 34 and 34 bis)Prayers for Festivals - (4Q 507-9)Daily Prayers - (4Q 503)Prayer or Hymn Celebrating the Morning and the Evening - (4Q 408)Blessings - (1 QSb=1Q28b)Benedictions - (4Q 280, 286-90)Confession Ritual - (4Q393)Purification Ritual A - (4Q 512)Purification Ritual B - (4Q 4]14)A Liturgical Work - (4Q 392-3) D.

3 Historical and Apocalyptic WorksApocalyptic Chronology or Apocryphal Weeks - (4Q 247)Historical Text A - (4Q248)Historical Texts C-E (formerly Mishmarot C) - 4Q331-3)Historical Text F - (4Q468e)The Triumph of Righteousness or Mysteries - (1Q27, 4Q299-3011)Time of Righteousness - (4Q 215a)The Renewed Earth - (4Q 475)A Messianic Apocalypse - (4Q521) E. Wisdom LiteratureThe Seductress - (4Q184)Exhortation to Seek Wisdom - (4Q185)A Parable of Warning - (4Q302)Sapiential Didactic Work A - (4Q412)A Sapiential Work (i) - (4Q413)A Sapiential Work (ii) - (4Q415-18, 423, 1Q26)A Sapiential Work (iii): Ways of Righteousness - (4Q420-21)A Sapiential Work Instruction-like Composition - (4Q424)The Two Ways - (4Q473)Bless, My Soul - (Barki nafshi, 4Q434-438)A Leader s Lament - (4Q439)Fight against Evil Spirits - (4Q444)Songs of the Sage - (4Q510-11)Beatitudes - (4Q525) F.

4 Bible InterpretationAramaic Bible Translations - (Targums)The Targum of Job - (11Q10,4Q157)The Targum of LeviticusAppendix G. Biblically Based Apocryphal WorksJubilees - (4Q216-28, 1Q17-18, 2Q19-20, 3Q5, 4Q482(?), 11Q12)The Prayer of Enosh and Enoch - (4Q369)The Book of Enoch - (4Q201-2, 204-12)The Book of Giants - (1Q23-4, 2Q26, 4Q203, 530-33, 6Q8)An Admonition Associated with the Flood - (4Q370, 4Q185)The Ages of the Creation - (4Q180)The Book of Noah - (1Q19, 1Q19 bis, 4Q534-6, 6Q8,19)Words of the Archangel Michael - (4Q529, 6Q23)The Testament of Levi (i) - (4Q213-114, 1Q21)Testaments of the Patriarchs: the Testament of Levi or Testament ofJacob - ..The Testament of Judah and Joseph - (4Q538-9)The Testament of Naphtali - (4Q215)Narrative and Poetic Composition (formerly A Joseph Apocryphon ) -(4Q371-3)The Testament of Qahat - (4Q542)The Testament of Amram - (4Q543-9)The Words of Moses - (1Q22)Sermon on the Exodus and the Conquest of Canaan - (4Q374)A Moses Apocryphon - (4Q375)A Moses Apocryphon - (4Q376, 1Q29)A Moses Apocryphon - (4Q408)Apocryphal Pentateuch B (formerly A Moses Apocryphon) - (4Q377)A Moses (or David) Apocryphon - (4Q373, 2Q22)Prophecy of Joshua - (4Q522, 5Q9)A Joshua Apocryphon (i) or Psalms of Joshua - (4Q378 9)A Joshua Apocryphon (ii) (Masada 1039 211)The Samuel Apocryphon - (4Q160)A Paraphrase on Kings - (4Q382)An Elisha Apocryphon - (4Q481)A Zedekiah Apocryphon - (4Q470)

5 A Historico-theological Narrative based on Genesis and Exodus -(4Q462 4)Tobit - (4Q196 200 Apocryphon of Jeremiah - (4Q383, 385a, 387, 387a, 388a, 389 90)The New Jerusalem - (4Q554-5, 5Q15, 1Q32, 2Q24, 4Q232, 11Q18)Pseudo-Ezekiel - (4Q385, 386, 385b, 388, 385c)The Prayer of Nabonidus - (4Q242)Para-Danielic Writings - (4Q243-5)The Four Kingdoms - (4Q552-3)An Aramaic Apocalypse - (4Q246)Proto-Esther (?) - (4Q550)List of False Prophets - (4Q339)List of Netinim - (4Q340) H. MiscellaneaThe Copper Scroll - (3Q15)Cryptic Texts - (4Q249, 250, 313)Two Qumran OstracaI. AppendixIndex of QumranTextsMajor Editions of Qumran ManuscriptsGeneral BibliographyGeneral IndexTHE STORY OF PENGUIN CLASSICSPENGUIN BOOKS THE COMPLETE DEAD SEASCROLLS IN ENGLISHGeza Vermes was born in Hungary in 1924.)

6 He studied in Budapestand in Louvain, where he read Oriental history and languages and in1953 obtained a doctorate in theology with a dissertation on thehistorical framework of the Dead Sea Scrolls . From 1957 to 1991 hetaught in England at the universities of Newcastle upon Tyne (1957-65)and Oxford (1965 91). He is now Professor Emeritus of JewishStudies and Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, but continues toteach at the Oriental Institute in Oxford. He has edited the Journal ofJewish Studies since 1971, and since 1991 he has been director ofthe Oxford Forum for Qumran Research at the Oxford Centre forHebrew and Jewish Studies. Professor Vermes is a Fellow of theBritish Academy and of the European Academy of Arts, Sciences andHumanities.

7 He is the holder of an Oxford and of honorarydoctorates from the universities of Edinburgh, Durham and first article on the Dead Sea Scrolls appeared in 1949 and his firstbook, Les manuscrits du d sert de Juda,in 1953. It was translatedinto English in 1956 as Discovery in the Judean Desert. He is also theauthor of Scripture and Tradition in Judaism (1961, 1973, 1983); jesus the Jew (1973, 1976, 1981, 1983); The Dead Sea Scrolls :Qumran in Perspective (1977, 1981, 1982, 1994); jesus and theWorld ofJudaism (1983, 1984); The Religion ofJesusthe Jew (1993);and (with Martin Goodman) The Essenes According to the ClassicalSources (1989); (with Philip Alexander) Discoveries in the JudaeanDesert XXVI (1998) and (also with Philip Alexander) XXXVI (2000);An Introduction to the Complete Dead Sea Scrolls (1999, 2000); TheDead Sea Scrolls (The Folio Society, 2000); The Changing Faces ofJesus (2000); The Authentic Gospel of jesus (2003) and jesus in hisJewish Context (2003).

8 He played a leading part in the rewriting ofEmil Schiirer s classic work The History of the Jewish People in theAge of jesus Christ (1973-87). His autobiography, ProvidentialAccidents (1998), contains a vivid personal account of a life-longinvolvement with the Dead Sea BOOKS Published by the Penguin GroupPenguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, EnglandPenguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USAP enguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124,AustraliaPenguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books India (P) Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110017, IndiaPenguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, NewZealandPenguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank 2196, South AfricaPenguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices.

9 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in Pelican Books 1962 Reprinted with revisions 1965, 1968 Fourth edition published in Penguin Books 1995 Complete edition published by Allen Lane The Penguin Press 1997 Published in Penguin Books 1998 Revised edition 200411 Copyright G. Vennes, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1975, 1987. 1995, 1997, 2004 All rights reserved The extracts on pp. 95 and 247 are reproduced by kind permission of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem; the extracts on pp. 345, 401, 415,459 and 537 are reproduced by kind permission of the Israel Antiquities Authority; p. 581: a cut segment from The Copper Scroll from The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Reappraisal by John Allegro (Penguin Maps drawn by Nigel Andrews The moral right of the author has been asserted eISBN : 978-1-101-16059-6 Books is committed to a sustainable future for our business, ourreaders and our book in your hands is made from paper certified by the Forest M and I with love and in loving memory of PPrefaceIn the spring of 1947 a young Arab shepherd climbed into a cave in theJudaean desert and stumbled on the first Dead Sea Scrolls .)

10 For thoseof us who lived through the Qumran story from the beginning, therealization that all this happened half a century ago brings with it amelancholy feeling. The Scrolls are no longer a recent discovery as weused to refer to them, but over the years they have grown insignificance and now the golden jubilee of the first manuscript find callsfor celebration with joy and satisfaction. Following the revolution which liberated all the manuscripts in 1991 - until that moment a largeportion of them was kept away from the public gaze - every interestedperson gained free access to the entire Qumran library. I eagerlyseized the chance and set out to explore the whole collection. Today,after four and a half years of intense study, I feel confident that I canpresent the complete canvas of the Dead Sea Scrolls and disclose tothe many interested readers the message of these ancientmanuscripts about ancient Judaism and to a more limited extent aboutearly its successive editions this book has endeavoured to serve a dualaudience of scholars and educated lay people.