The Dictionary of Human Geography

1 THE Dictionary OFHumanGeography5th EditionEdited byDerek GregoryRon JohnstonGeraldine PrattMichael J. Wattsand Sarah WhatmoreA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., PublicationGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 3 6:41pmGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_6_index Final Proof page 1056 8:55pmTHE Dictionary OFHumanGeographyGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 1 6:41pmTo the memory ofDenisCosgrove andLeslieHeppleGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 2 6:41pmTHE Dictionary OFHumanGeography5th EditionEdited byDerek GregoryRon JohnstonGeraldine PrattMichael J.

2 Wattsand Sarah WhatmoreA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., PublicationGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 3 6:41pmThis 5th edition first published 2009#2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization#2009 Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts, and Sarah WhatmoreEdition history: Basil Blackwell Ltd (1e, 1981 and 2e, 1986);Blackwell Publishers Ltd (3e, 1994 and 4e, 2000)Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell s publishing programhas been merged with Wiley s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United KingdomEditorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UKFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about howto apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book pleasesee our website right of Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J.

3 Watts, and SarahWhatmoretobe identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has beenasserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,without the prior permission of the also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appearsin print may not be available in electronic used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective owners.

4 The publisher is not associated with any productor vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritativeinformation in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistanceis required, the services of a competent professional should be of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe Dictionary of Human Geography / edited by Derek Gregory .. [et al.]. 5th bibliographical references and 978-1-4051-3287-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4051-3288-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Human Geography Dictionaries. I. Gregory, Derek, 1951 dc222008037335A catalogue record for this book is available from the British in 9/10pt Plantin by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted in Singapore1 2009 Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 4 6:41pmContentsPreface to the Fifth EditionviHow to Use This DictionaryxAcknowledgementsxiList of ContributorsxiiiEditorial Advisory BoardxviTHE Dictionary OF Human GEOGRAPHY1 Bibliography818 Index957 Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 5 6:41pmvPreface to the Fifth EditionGeographical dictionaries have a long history.

5 A number were published in Europe in theseventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a few mostly those with greater pretensions to providingconceptual order were described as Geographical Grammars . The majority were compendia ofgeographical information, or gazetteers, some of which were truly astonishing in their scope. Forexample, Lawrence Echard noted with some asperity in his 1691 Compendium of Geographythatthe geographer was by then more or less required to be anEntomologist,anAstronomer,aGeometricia n,aNatural Philosopher,aHusbandman,anHerbalist,aMec hanik,aPhysician,aMerchant,anArchitect,a Linguist,aDivine,aPolitician, one that understandsLawsandMilitaryAffairs,anHera ld[and] anHistorian. Margarita Bowen, commenting on 1981 on what she took tobe Geography s isolation from the scientific mainstream in Echard s time, suggested that theprospect of adding epistemology and the skills of the philosopher to such a list might well haveprecipitated its Cambridge author into the River Cam!

6 It was in large measure the addition of those skills to the necessary accomplishments of ahuman geographer that prompted the first edition ofThe Dictionary of Human Geography . Theoriginal idea was John Davey s, a publisher with an extraordinarily rich and creative sense of thefield, and he persuaded Ron Johnston, Derek Gregory, Peter Haggett, David Smith and DavidStoddart to edit the first edition (1981). In their Preface they noted that the changes in humangeography since the Second World War had generated a linguistic explosion within the discip-line. Part of theDictionary s purpose then as now was to provide students and others with aseries of frameworks for situating, understanding and interrogating the modern lexicon.

7 Theimplicit model was something closer to Raymond Williams marvellous compilation ofKeywordsthan to any Geographical Grammar . Certainly the intention was always to provide somethingmore than a collection of annotated reading lists. Individual entries were located within a web ofcross-references to other entries, which enabled readers to follow their own paths through theDictionary, sometimes to encounter unexpected parallels and convergences, sometimes to en-counter creative tensions and contradictions. But the major entries were intended to be com-prehensible on their own, and many of them not only provided lucid presentations of key issuesbut also made powerful contributions to subsequent sense ofThe Dictionary of Human Geographyas both mirror and goad, as both reflectingand provoking work in our field, has been retained in all subsequent editions.

8 The pace ofchange within Human Geography was such that a second edition (1986) was produced only fiveyears after the first, incorporating significant revisions and additions. For the third (1994) andfourth (2000) editions, yet more extensive revisions and additions were made. This fifth edition,fostered by our publisher Justin Vaughan, continues that restless tradition: it has been compre-hensively redesigned and rewritten and is a vastly different book from the original. The firstedition had over 500 entries written by eighteen contributors; this edition has more than 1000entries written by 111 contributors. Over 300 entries appear for the first time (many of the mostimportant are noted throughout this Preface), and virtually all the others have been fully revisedand reworked.

9 With this edition, we have thus once again been able to chart the emergence ofnew themes, approaches and concerns within Human Geography , and to anticipate new avenuesof enquiry and new links with other disciplines. The architecture of theDictionaryhas also beenchanged. We have retained the cross-referencing of headwords within each entry and thedetailed Index, which together provide invaluable alternatives to the alphabetical ordering ofthe text, but references are no longer listed at the end of each entry. Instead, they now appear in aconsolidated Bibliography at the end of the volume. We took this decision partly to avoidduplication and release space for new and extended entries, but also because we believe theBibliography represents an important intellectual resource in its own right.

10 It has over 4000entries, including books, articles and online contributors operated within exacting guidelines, including limits on the length of eachentry and the number of references, and they worked to a demanding schedule. The capstoneentry for previous editions was Human Geography , but in this edition that central place is nowGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 6 6:41pmvitaken by a major entry on Geography , with separate entries on Human Geography and (for thefirst time) physical Geography . The inclusion of the latter provides a valuable perspective on themultiple ways in which Human Geography has become involved in interrogations of the biophys-ical world and one of Williams s most complicated keywords nature.