The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet - claverton-energy.com

1 The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet W1P1 Revision 1 Iain Staffell, University of Birmingham, UK March 2011. Length, Area, Volume Weight, Mass Energy , Power1. 1 mile = km 1 short ton = tonnes 1 kWh = MJ. 1 foot = cm 1 long ton = tonnes 1 inch = cm 1 pound = kg 1 Btu = J. 1 kg = Newtons 1 therm = MJ. 1 imperial gallon = L. 1 US gallon = L kg of CO = kg of C 1 calorie = J. 1 tonne of oil 1 imperial pint = L Speed = GJ (LHV). equivalent (toe). 1 US pint = L 1 mph = m/s 1 barrel of oil GJ (IEA def.). 1 km/h = m/s . (LHV) GJ (global avg.). 1 barrel of oil = L. Time 1 mechanical hp W. Pressure 1 day = 86400 seconds 1 PS W. 1 atmosphere = bar 1 year = 8760 hours 1 atmosphere = kPa 1 atmosphere psi 1 atmosphere 760 torr (mmHg).

2 1 psi = 6, Pa 1 Alternate definitions exist for many of these units, the ISO standards were chosen where possible. General Properties for Some Common Fuels This data is aggregated from 26 sources in order to give a representative view of each fuel's properties, with global scope and no specific application. The tables on the following pages give the data presented in each source, which can be used to represent more specific situations ( automobile fuels in Europe). Density at Ratio of HHV Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity STP to LHV Energy (g CO2-eq /. (kg/m3) content (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) MJ LHV).

3 Crude Oil 856 24 Petrol / Gasoline 741 4 Diesel 837 8 Fuel Oil 959 17 LPG 533 18 Kerosene 807 6 (35 MPa) Hydrogen (70 MPa) 0. (liquid) (kg/m3) (HHV / LHV) (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (g/MJ LHV). Coal - - (kg/m3) (HHV / LHV) (MJ/m3) (MJ/kg) (MJ/m3) (MJ/kg) (g/MJ LHV). Natural Gas Hydrogen (1 atm.) 0. Data Tables for Each Fuel The following tables list the data sources consulted and the values they present. The author's calculations are shown when values were converted from their native units. The following indicators are used for the data: Values given in purple were derived from other data given solely by the source;. Values given in blue were calculated using the aggregated data from other sources, as given in the table on page 2.

4 Values given in pink were disregarded because their scope did not match the criteria of this study, they were non-primary sources that were still worth mentioning, or they were believed to be erroneous. Selected studies are highlighted in bold as these were considered to be the most methodologically sound, and so their results were weighted more heavily in the aggregated table on page 2: Both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA) provide country-specific data for several fuels, giving data such as national production levels, average densities and heat contents ([1-4] and [5]).

5 Global average values were produced from these data sets where possible, by weighting each nation's value by its level of production. For other studies, the region represented by their data is given in brackets. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published authoritative reports on the emission factors for stationary and mobile fuel combustion, giving carbon intensities for several fuels which account for the emission of CH4 and N2O ([6, 7]). Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity Crude Oil (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). IEA (definition)2 [1] IEA Key World Energy toe/tonne =.

6 [3] Statistics (global) IEA Oil Information (global) [1] [8] 20gC = IEA Oil Information barrels per [1]. (weighted global average) tonne = US EIA barrels per 5852 133 kBtu per [5] (weighted global average) tonne = barrel = Internal Revenue Service 5800 kBtu per barrel =. [9] (definition) MJ/L. DUKES (UK) [10] 1192 L/tonne = IPCC stationary (global) [6] 2 The IEA defined an internationally recognised standard for a tonne of oil equivalent (toe) as being kcal, or GJ. Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity Petrol / Gasoline (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). (Europe) IEA (America) [2] (Pacific) IEA (global) [1] [8] gC = gCO.

7 Energy Information barrels/tonne =. [11]. Administration (USA) kg/kg (HHV) =. DUKES (UK) [10] 1362 L/tonne = (HHV) = DEFRA (UK)3 [12] 1354 L/tonne = 2317 g/L = IPCC stationary (global) [6] IPCC mobile (global) [7] kgC/galUS =. ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] 1356 L/tonne = 115,000 Btu/galUS = 125,000 Btu/galUS = kg CO /L = JEC (EU) [14, 15] kg/kg = GREET (USA) carbon ratio [16] 2,819 g/galUS = 116,090 Btu/galUS = 124,340 Btu/galUS = (conventional gasoline) = Transportation Energy MT/Quad =. [17] lb/galUS = 115,400 Btu/galUS = 125,000 Btu/galUS = Data Book (USA) (HHV) = College of the Desert (USA) [18] 3 Government statistics derived from data given in the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) and the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP 2005).

8 Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity Diesel (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). kg/kg HHV =. DUKES (UK) [10] 1195 L/tonne = (HHV) = DEFRA (UK) [12] 1203 L/tonne = 2629 g/L = IPCC stationary (global) [6] IPCC mobile (global) [7] =. ORNL Bioenergy (USA) [13] 130,500 Btu/galUS = kg CO /L = JEC (EU) [14, 15] kg/kg = Determined for [19] carbon ratio GREET (USA) [16] 3,206 g/galUS = 129,488 Btu/galUS = 138,490 Btu/galUS = = Transportation Energy [17] 128,700 Btu/galUS = 138,700 Btu/galUS = Data Book (USA). College of the Desert (USA) [18] Note: when a source gave multiple options for diesel fuels, the data for low or ultra-low sulphur diesel were chosen.

9 Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity Fuel Oil (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). (Europe) IEA (America) [2] (Pacific) IEA (global) [1] [8] gC = Energy Information barrels/tonne =. [11]. Administration (USA) kg/kg HHV =. DUKES (UK) [10] 1024 L/tonne = (HHV) = DEFRA (UK) [12] 1033 L/tonne = IPCC stationary (global) [6] Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity LPG (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). (Europe) IEA (America) [2] (Pacific) IEA (global)4 [1] [8] gC = Energy Information barrels/tonne =. [11].

10 Administration (USA) DUKES (UK)4 [10] 1849 L/tonne = 214 g/kWh (HHV) = DEFRA (UK) [12] 1968 L/tonne = IPCC stationary (global) [6] IPCC mobile (global) [7] JEC (EU) [14, 15] kg/kg = 84,950 Btu/galUS = 91,410 Btu/galUS =. GREET (USA) [16] 1,923 g/galUS = NEF (Japan) [20, 21] (HHV) = Transportation Energy MT/Quad =. [17]. Data Book (USA) (HHV) = Density Net Calorific Value / LHV Gross Calorific Value / HHV Carbon Intensity Kerosene (kg/L) (g CO2/MJ LHV). (MJ/L) (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) (MJ/kg). (Europe) IEA (America) [2] (Pacific) IEA (global) [1] [8] gC = Energy Information barrels/tonne =. [11]. Administration (USA) kg/kg (HHV) =.