The Impact of Land-Use Change on the Livelihoods of Rural ...

1 The Impact of Land-Use Change on the Livelihoods of Rural communities : A case-Study in Edd Al- furssan locality , south darfur State, Sudan Dissertation for awarding the academic degree Doctor of Natural Science (Dr. rer. nat.) Submitted by Msc. Masarra Ahmed Adam Bashir Supervisors: Mr. / Prof. Dr. Elmar Csaplovics Technical University of Dresden/ Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Mr. / Prof. Dr. Ali Taha Ayoub Retired at Ahfad University for Women/ Omdurman, Sudan Dresden, November, 2012 Faculty of Environmental SciencesExplanation of the doctoral candidate This is to certify that this copy is fully congruent with the original copy of the dissertation with the topic: The Impct of Land-Use Change on the Livelihoods of Rural communities : A case Study in Edd Al- furssan locality , south darfur State, Sudan Dresden.

2 Place, Date Bashir, Masarra Ahmed Adam .. Signature (surname, first name) IDeclaration I hereby declare that this thesis entitled The Impact of Land-Use Change on the Livelihoods of Rural communities : A case-study in Edd Al-Fursan locality , south darfur State, Sudan submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Sciences is my original work and any work taken from other authors is duly acknowledged within the text and references chapter. It is my own responsibility to declare that it has not been previously submitted or accepted for the award of any degree of the university or institutions.

3 Masarra Ahmed Adam Bashir Dresden, Germany November, 2012 IIDedicated To my Ahmed and Fatima for their love, endless support and encouragement. Husband Aziz and Daughter Saba IIIT able of Contents CHAPTR ONE .. 1 General Introduction .. 1 Background .. 1 Description of the Study Area .. 3 Sudan .. 3 Distribution of dryland in Sudan .. 4 Edd Al-Fursan locality .. 5 Physical features of the area .. 6 Climate and Rainfall .. 7 Geology .. 9 Vegetation .. 9 Drainage system.

4 9 Land-Use types in the area .. 10 1. 3 Land degradation .. 11 Conflicts about natural resource use .. 12 Objectives of the Study: .. 14 Hypotheses: .. 14 Organization of chapters .. 14 CHAPTER TWO .. 16 Potential Resources and Land-Use System in south darfur State .. 16 Abstract .. 16 Introduction .. 17 Population .. 18 Status of Population .. 18 Size .. 18 Population Distribution .. 19 Socio-Economic Structure .. 20 Trends .. 20 Land Tenure and Ownership .. 23 Land Tenure Policy .. 23 Formal Legal Status of Lands .. 24 Land Users and Tenure Systems in south darfur State.

5 25 Crop Farming .. 25 Farmers Tenure System .. 26 Livestock Husbandry .. 26 Pastoralists Tenure System .. 27 Hashab (Gum Arabic) .. 27 Hashab Tenure System .. 28 2. 6. Concluding Remarks .. 29 CHAPTER THREE .. 31 Use of Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land-Use /Land-Cover Change Analysis .. 31 Abstract .. 31 Introduction .. 32 Definition of Remote Sensing .. 33 Change detection and its importance .. 33 Motivation of the Study .. 34 Methodology .. 34 Data Acquisition .. 36 LandSat .. 36 LandSat Multispectral Scanners .. 36 LandSat Thematic Mapper .. 37 ASTER .. 37 Color Infrared Composite (CIC).

6 38 Gathering ground-truthing information .. 38 Image processing .. 38 . Image 38 Radiometric and atmospheric correction .. 39 Image Classification .. 39 Unsupervised classification .. 39 Supervised classification .. 40 Accuracy Assessment .. 44 Change detection techniques .. 45 Post-classification comparison .. 46 Land-Use /Land-Cover Change Rates .. 47 Tasseled Cap Transformation .. 49 Change Vector Analysis .. 50 Analysis of the Change image 1972-1984 .. 54 Analysis of the Change image 1984-1989 .. 54 Analysis of the Change image 1989-1999 .. 54 Analysis of the Change image 1999-2008.

7 55 Analysis of the Change image 1972-2008 .. 55 . Iteratively Re-weighted Multivariate Alteration Detection (IR-MAD) .. 55 Maximum autocorrelation factor (MAF) analysis .. 61 MAF/MADs analysis for the period 1972-1984 .. 62 MAF/MADs analysis for the period 1984-1989 .. 63 MAF/MADs analysis for the period 1989-1999 .. 64 MAF/MADs analysis for the period 1999-2008 .. 65 MAF/MADs analysis for the period 1972-2008 .. 66 Conclusions .. 68 CHAPTER FOUR .. 69 Livelihood in south darfur State: An overview .. 69 Introduction .. 69 General Description of Major Environmental Factors in darfur .. 69 Livelihood Concepts and Definitions.

8 69 Description of Livelihoods in darfur .. 71 Livelihood Zones in south darfur .. 72 Natural Resource-Based Livelihood Activities in south 73 Livestock-Related Activities .. 73 Agriculture .. 74 Forestry-Related Livelihood Activities .. 75 Timber and fuelwood extraction .. 75 Gum Arabic .. 76 Small-scale Natural Resource-based Livelihood Activities .. 76 Livelihood Coping Mechanisms in south darfur State .. 77 CHAPTER FIVE .. 79 The Impact of Land-Use Change on the Livelihood of Rural communities Based on Perception and Knowledge of Rural People .. 79 Abstract .. 79 Theoretical Background.

9 80 Introduction .. 80 Consequences of Population Pressures on Land-Use changes .. 81 Motivation of the Study .. 84 Methodology .. 84 Qualitative Data Collection Techniques .. 84 Materials & Method .. 85 Survey Techniques .. 85 Key Informants Interview .. 86 Sample Size and Selection of Respondents .. 87 Data Analysis .. 88 Results and Discussions .. 88 Key Informant .. 88 Changes in Land-Use Patterns, 1972-2008 .. 88 Socio-Economic Characteristic of the Respondents .. 89 Household Livelihoods .. 90 Drought and its Affects on Household Economic Activities .. 92 Land-Use Changes and its Impact on Household Livelihoods .

10 93 The Impact of Land-Use Change on Soil .. 96 The Impact of Land-Use Change on Agricultural Production .. 98 The Impact of Land-Use Change on Livestock Production and Pastures .. 102 The Impact of Land-Use Change on Forest 106 Conclusions .. 109 CHAPTER SIX .. 110 Complementary Use of Remotely Sensed and Socio-Economic Data .. 110 Abstract .. 110 Introduction .. 110 Link between socio-economic data and land use/land cover Change classes in Edd Al-Fursan locality .. 112 Conclusions .. 117 CHAPTER SEVEN .. 118 Conclusions and Recommendations .. 118 Conclusions .. 118 Hypothesis test.