The Influencing Factors of parenting stress in Iranian mothers

1 2011 International Conference on Social Science and Humanity IPEDR (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Influencing Factors of parenting stress in Iranian mothers K. Tahmassian, Anari, M. A. Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Jahad Daneshgahi, Tarbiat Moallem University. G.,C. Tehran, Iran. Tehran, Iran M. Fathabadi, M. A. student. Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.,C. Tehran, Iran Abstract This electronic document is a live template. The amongst the most influential contributors to parenting Current study was conducted to examine the Influencing stress . A variety of child characteristics have been Factors in parental stress of 2-6 year old children's mothers .

2 Investigated in regards to their relationship with parenting The present study is a descriptive-post hoc study. 350 mothers stress but child problem behavior has been found to be were selected from 15 kindergartens of 3 area of Tehran a primary contributor to parenting stress [13]. In addition through multistage sampling method. They completed to child characteristics, several characteristics of the parent Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, Parental Bonding Questionnaire, are related with parenting stress . For example self esteem parenting stress Index, Sources of Social support scale, [refers to how people feel about themselves and how they maternal efficacy Questionnaire and Preschool Behavior evaluate their abilities and attributes, as well as their Checklist.]

3 Stepwise regression analysis showed that maternal self-efficacy, children's behavioral problems, mother's self- momentary feelings of self-worth, such as pride or shame esteem, social support and parental bonding, in five steps, [14, 15] is related to role stress [16] and parenting stress is a could explain 42% of variance in parental stress . Specific kind of role stress . psycho-educational interventions on stress management based Also recalling a parental style of over protectiveness on these Factors would be effective. has been linked to higher levels of anxiety [17] and some investigations have found relationships between Key Words: Parental stress , Parental bonding, Social support, parenting self-efficacy, Self-esteem, Behavioral problems.

4 Anxiety and low levels of Parental care [18]. I. INTRODUCTION parenting self-efficacy (a parent's level of confidence in performing in her or his role as a caregiver) is associated An accumulation of stress can result in a negative with parenting stress in mothers . Child characteristics are influence on the parent and child relationship as well as the important for parents' experience in their parenting role, and quality of parenting . A description of parenting stress is the are amongst the most influential contributors to parenting convenience of perceived resources available during the stress . A variety of child characteristics have been demands associated with parenting combined with the investigated in regards to their relationship with parent's perception of the child's behavior and the parent's parenting stress particularly behavioral problem [13].

5 Competence [1]. In addition to child characteristics, several parenting stress is an important concept because it is dimensions of the parent, family and environment have considered to be a determinant of dysfunctional frequently been investigated for their relationship with parenting [2,3,4]. It is a type of stress that is uniquely parenting stress . Some of these include family income, perceived by parents and it follows from the demands parent education, social support Factors , and parent inherent in being a parent [4]. The effects of parenting gender [19]. stress are wide-ranging and varied, and such stress has been Family disability research has documented the shown to be associated with illness, poor marital significance of social support for parenting stress [20,21].

6 Relationships [5], and child abuse [6]. Studies show many These studies highlight the strong correlation between social Factors contribute to parental stress , such as the support and successful coping as well as the potential of developmental disability of children [7], child behavioral social support to act as a stress buffer [22]. The purpose of problems [8], infant temperament [9], maternal and child present study was to examine the Influencing Factors of characteristics [10,11], parenting style [11]. parenting stress including child behavioral problem, Many different Factors contribute to parents' parental bonding, maternal self-efficacy, self-esteem and functioning and parental stress including characteristics of social support in Iranian mothers .

7 The child, the parent, the family, and the social support network [12]. Child characteristics are important for parents' experience in their parenting role, and are V1-190. II. METHOD 1. parental Participants and procedure: This study is a statistical stress and ex post facto research (causal-comparative). 350 2. ** maternal mothers (mean age=33 years, SD= ) of 2-6 year old self- children in kindergartens were selected randomly. 178 of efficacy children were boys and 183 of them were girls (mean 3. self- ** **.31. esteem age= , SD= ). 4. ** **.23 **.26. Stepwise regression analysis were used to examine the parental relationship between Factors .

8 Bonding Measures 5. **.43 ** ** ** behaviora l parenting stress Index (PSI): short form:The problems mother child relationship was assessed using parenting 6. social ** **.21 **.18 **.26 .001. support stress Index [2]. The PSI was designed to assess the degree of stress related to parenting . Studies demonstrate ** P< 0/01. a good content validity, and show sufficient factorial, concurrent, discriminant and construct validity and Parental stress has more correlation with maternal self- internal reliability, Cronbach's alpha for the PSI efficacy (negatively) and less correlation with social support dimensions ranged between is.

9 75 and .91 [2]. (negatively). In order to predict and make clear variance of Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI): PBI was maternal stress with maternal self-efficacy, self-esteem, designed by Parker et al. [23]. This 25 item scale assesses parental bonding, behavioral problems and social support recollections of both the care and control received as a child used stepwise regression (table 2). from both mother and father. Four variables were derived from this measure: maternal care, parental care, maternal TABLE II. PARENTAL stress STEPWISE REGRESSION ANALYZE VIA. MATERNAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, PARENTAL BONDING, control and parental control.

10 BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT. Rosenberg's self-esteem scale: This 10 item scale in 1965 by Rosenberg was introduced and in step Variable F R R2 B. 1 .52 .26. general has considerably validity and reliability between. 82- maternal self- ** .88 [24]. Scoring is in 0-30 range. Normal self-esteem is efficacy attaining between 15-25 scores and low self-esteem is 2 .59 scoring low of 15. maternal self- ** efficacy Sources of Social support scale: This 10 item behavioral ** .29. scale was published by Koeske and Koeske [22] and problems assesses practical and emotional social support from various 3 .62 .39. sources such as spouse, parents, friends, manager, colleagues, maternal self- ** children, relatives.