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The International Forum for Social Development Social ...

The International Forum for Social DevelopmentSocial Justice in an Open WorldThe Role of the United NationsE c o n o m i c &S o c i a l A f f a i r sUnited NationsSales No. 92-1-130249-505-62917 January 2006 2,000ST/ESA/305 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND Social AFFAIRSD ivision for Social Policy and DevelopmentThe International Forum for Social DevelopmentSocial Justice in an Open WorldThe Role of the United NationsasdfUnited Nations New York, 2006 DESAThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, Social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, Social and environ-mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises inter-ested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks devel-oped in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of

The International Forum for Social Development Social Justice in an Open World The Role of the United Nations E c o n o m i c & S o c i a l A f f a i r s

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1 The International Forum for Social DevelopmentSocial Justice in an Open WorldThe Role of the United NationsE c o n o m i c &S o c i a l A f f a i r sUnited NationsSales No. 92-1-130249-505-62917 January 2006 2,000ST/ESA/305 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND Social AFFAIRSD ivision for Social Policy and DevelopmentThe International Forum for Social DevelopmentSocial Justice in an Open WorldThe Role of the United NationsasdfUnited Nations New York, 2006 DESAThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, Social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, Social and environ-mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises inter-ested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks devel-oped in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations.

2 The designations employed and the presentation of the mate-rial do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its term country as used in the text of the present report also refers, as ap-propriate, to territories or designations of country groups in this publication are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the Development information on the Forum can be accessed at: of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com-bined with Nations publicationSales No. E. 92-1-130249-8 Copyright United Nations, 2006 All rights reservedPrinted by the United Nations, New YorkiiiContents PageExplanatory notes vForeword viiIntroduction 11 Dimensions of International justice and Social justice International justice: legal and developmental aspects.

3 Social justice: a recent and politically charged concept .. Social justice: the equivalent of distributive justice.. Economic justice: a component of Social justice.. Universal grounds for the determination of what is just and what is unjust .. Three critical domains of equality and equity.. Six important areas of inequality in the distribution of goods, opportunities and rights.. The need for further distinction and greater precision .. 202 Rising inequalities among countries National sovereignty and the right of intervention .. Equality among Member States and inequalities in power.. The developmental aspect of International justice: a legitimate concern?.. Evidence of the decline in International justice from a developmental perspective.. 263 Rising inequalities among people Issues relating to the reliability and diversity of sources of information.

4 Trends in six major areas of inequality among people .. Progress in critical aspects of horizontal equality .. Economic justice and Social injustice: the current state of affairs .. 404 International justice and the United Nations: from the new International economic order to the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals Auspicious beginnings for Development and International cooperation .. Questioning the Development model and seeking a new distribution of power in the world.. A new consensus: the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals .. International justice through cooperation and partnership .. Critical views on the prevalent conception of International justice.. 485 Social justice and the United Nations: the divide between human rights and economic and Social Development Auspicious beginnings for the promotion of human rights and justice.

5 Social justice seen as a substitute for the protection of human rights .. The World Summit for Social Development : an attempt to reconcile Social justice and the protection of human rights .. The short life of the commitments made in Copenhagen .. The focus on poverty eradication.. 606 Are International justice and Social justice politically obsolete concepts? Less redistribution because of lack of resources? .. The effect of different policies on patterns of distribution .. A great political and ideological transformation with strong implications for the idea of distributional justice .. The dangers of a world indifferent to justice.. 807 Concluding notes on the role of the United Nations 84 Annexes 93I.

6 Commitments of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development .. 93II. The Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators for monitoring progress .. 114 III. Themes and questions figuring in the agendas of the four meetings of the International Forum for Social Development .. 118IV. List of participants in the four meetings of the Forum .. 145vExplanatory notesThe following abbreviations have been used:AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeCFC chlorofluorocarbonDAC Development Assistance CommitteeDOTS directly observed treatment short courseEU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGDP gross domestic productGNI gross national incomeGNP gross national productHIPC heavily indebted poor countriesHIV human immunodeficiency virusICT information and communication technologiesILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundLDC least developed countryNGO non-governmental organizationODA official Development assistanceOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational.

7 Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children s FundUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refu-gees in the Near EastWIDER World Institute for Development Economics ResearchWTO World Trade OrganizationSocial Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United NationsviiForewordThe International Forum for Social Development was a three-year project under-taken by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs between November 2001 and November 2004 for the purpose of promoting International cooperation for Social Development and supporting developing countries and Social groups not benefiting from the globalization process. Open Societies, Open Eco- nomies: Challenges and Opportunities represented the overall theme of the project, which was financed through extrabudgetary contributions and carried out within the framework of the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development , held in Copenhagen in 1995, and of subsequent major International gatherings, including the Millennium Summit and the twenty-fourth special session of the General Assembly, held in New York and Geneva, respectively, in 2000.

8 Four meetings of the Forum were held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, as follows: Financing Global Social Development , 7-8 February 2002 Cooperation for Social Development : The International Dimension, 16-17 October 2002 International Migrants and Development , 7-8 October 2003 Equity, Inequalities and Interdependence, 5-6 October 2004 These meetings brought together invitees from different regions and different walks of life for seminars followed by open and informal debate with represen-tatives from United Nations Member States and non-governmental organizations. Findings were presented orally at the annual sessions of the Commission for Social Development , and reports or summaries were issued. The present publication seeks to provide an overview and interpretation of the discussions and debates that occurred at these four meetings from the broad per-spective of distributive justice.

9 During the year this work was under preparation, the United Nations reviewed the commitments made ten years ago in Copenhagen to promote Social Development and in Beijing to pursue equality between men and women. In the light of the evolution of the Organization s mandates and priorities, however, considerably greater attention was given to the review of the United Na-tions Millennium Declaration and to the assessment of the progress made towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The 2005 World Summit, which produced the largest gathering of world leaders in history, was held by the General Assembly in New York from 14 to 16 September and focused on develop-ment, security and human rights, as well as on United Nations reforms proposed Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nationsviiiby the It is hoped that the analyses and observations presented here will contribute to the continuing debate on these important BaudotCoordinator, International Forum for Social DevelopmentviiiSocial Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations IntroductionThe rise in inequality in the distribution of income among people is well-documented and displays the characteristics of a trend, having affected large numbers of coun-tries, from the poorest to the most affluent, during the past two decades.

10 Up to the 1980s, at least since the Second World War and in some cases since the beginning of the twentieth century, there had been a general narrowing of differences in the income available to individuals and families. Income-related inequalities, notably in the ownership of capital and other as-sets, in access to a variety of services and benefits, and in the personal security that money can buy, are growing. There is also greater inequality in the distribution of opportunities for remunerated employment, with worsening unemployment and underemployment in various parts of the world affecting a disproportionate number of people at the lower end of the socio-economic scale. The inequality gap between the richest and poorest countries, measured in terms of national per capita income, is growing as well. The popular contention that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer appears to be largely based on fact, particularly within the present global context.


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