THE MASTER HANDBOOK OF ACOUSTICS - tka4

1 THE MASTER HANDBOOK . OF ACOUSTICS . This page intentionally left blank. THE MASTER HANDBOOK . OF ACOUSTICS . F. Alton Everest FOURTH EDITION. McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, Auckland Bogot . Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Copyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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7 CONTENTS. Epigraph xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Sound 1. The Simple Sinusoid 2. Sine-Wave Language 3. Propagation of sound 5. The dance of the particles 5. How a sound wave is propagated 7. Sound in free space 9. Wavelength and Frequency 10. Complex Waves 12. Harmonics 12. Phase 12. Partials 15. Octaves 15. The concept of spectrum 17. Electrical, Mechanical, and Acoustical Analogs 20. Chapter 2 Sound Levels and the Decibel 23. Ratios vs. Differences 23. Handling numbers 25. Logarithms 26. Decibels 26. Reference Levels 28.

8 Logarithmic and Exponential Forms Compared 30. Acoustic Power 31. Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. viii CONTENTS. Using Decibels 33. Example: Sound-pressure level 34. Example: Loudspeaker SPL 34. Example: Microphone specifications 35. Example: Line amplifier 35. Example: General-purpose amplifier 35. Example: Concert hall 35. Example: Combining decibels 36. Ratios and Octaves 37. Measuring Sound-Pressure Level 39. Chapter 3 The Ear and the Perception of Sound 41. Sensitivity of the Ear 41.

9 A Primer of Ear Anatomy 42. The pinna: Directional encoder of sound 43. Directional cues: An experiment 44. The ear canal 44. The middle ear 45. The inner ear 48. Stereocilia 49. Loudness vs. Frequency 50. Loudness Control 51. Area of Audibility 53. Loudness vs. Sound-Pressure Level 54. Loudness and Bandwidth 56. Loudness of Impulses 59. Audibility of Loudness Changes 61. Pitch vs. Frequency 61. An experiment 63. Timbre vs. Spectrum 63. Localization of Sound Sources 64. Binaural Localization 67. Aural harmonics: Experiment #1 68.

10 Aural harmonics: Experiment #2 69. The missing fundamental 69. The Ear as an Analyzer 70. The Ear as a Measuring Instrument 70. An auditory analyzer: An experiment 71. CONTENTS. ix Meters vs. the Ear 72. The Precedence Effect 73. Perception of Reflected Sound 75. Occupational and Recreational Deafness 76. Summary 79. Chapter 4 Sound Waves in the Free Field 83. Free Sound Field: Definition 83. Sound Divergence 84. Examples: Free-field sound divergence 84. Inverse square in enclosed spaces 87. Hemispherical propagation 88. Chapter 5 Speech, Music, and Noise 89.