THE NEW FRP MATERIALS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING …

1 1/50 THENEWFRP MATERIALSFORCIVILENGINEERINGSTRUCTURALAP PLICATIONSJo o Ram a CorreiaInstituto Superior T cnico / ICIST, Technical University of Lisbon57thMeeting of the European Council of CIVIL Engineers (ECCE)Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisboa, 31/05/20132/50 Development of CIVIL ENGINEERING has been intimately connected to innovation in structural materialsHISTORICALCONTEXTD evelopment of mud bricks reinforced with straw (Mesopotamia) Reduction of construction to human scale Architecture with partition wallsTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS3/50 HISTORICALCONTEXTD evelopment of cast iron, wrought iron andsteel Decisive factor for industrial revolution Development of long span bridgesThe Iron Bridge, Shropshire (1779-1781) Alcantara Bridge, ToledoTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSD evelopment of CIVIL ENGINEERING has been intimately connected to innovation in structural materials4/50 HISTORICALCONTEXTD evelopment of reinforced concrete.

2 Rapid reconstruction after World War IILambot s boat (1848)Hennebique system (1892)Burj Dubai TowerTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSD evelopment of CIVIL ENGINEERING has been intimately connected to innovation in structural materials5/50 5000 Use of straw in the reinforcement of mud bricks to reduce shrinkage cracks(Mesopotamia) 1940 First structural applications of modern composites in navalandaerospaceindustries 1950 Introduction of composites in automotiveandoilindustries 1960 Development of advanced composites (defence industries) and first applications in constructionindustryMonsanto House of the FutureFuturo HouseIcoshedron ClassroomOVERVIEW OFCOMPOSITESDEVELOPMENTTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS6/50 1970 Effort to reduce manufacturing costs enables extension tonew markets( sports goods) 1980 and 1990s: Technological development of manufacturing processes ( pultrusion) Increasing need to rehabilitatecivil infrastructure (limited durability of traditional MATERIALS .)

3 Increase of loads) Requirement of increasing construction speed Increasing acceptance from construction industry High strength Low self-weight DurabilityOVERVIEW OFCOMPOSITESDEVELOPMENT(Growing research and pilot projects)THENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS7/50 OUTLINE1. FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) MATERIALS2. FRP MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS3. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS AT IST4. CONCLUDING REMARKSTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS8/501. FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) MATERIALSTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS9/501. Fibre reinforcement High resistance Brittle behaviour2.

4 Polymeric matrix(resin +filler+ additives) Very low resistance Load transfer and stress distribution between fibres Protection of fibres from environmental agents Keeping the fibres in position (and preventing theirbuckling when compressed)Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) MATERIALS - 2 CONSTITUTION ANDGENERALPROPERTIES OFFRPS1. FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MATERIALS10/50 PropertyE - GlassCarbonAramidStrength [MPa]2350 - 46002600 - 36002800 - 4100 Elasticity modulus [GPa]73 - 88200 - 40070 - 190 Strain at failure [%] - - - [g/cm3] - and forms of reinforcing fibresRovingsMats, fabrics1. FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MATERIALS Rovings (or tows) -bundles of continuous filaments Mats (mats, veils, fabrics) with short or continuous filaments, randomly oriented or oriented, woven or CONSTITUTION ANDGENERALPROPERTIES OFFRPS11/50 Polymer resinsThermoset(polyester, vinylester, epoxy)Thermoplastic (polyethylene, polypropylene)PropertyPolyesterVinyleste rEpoxyStrength [MPa]20 - 7068 - 8260 - 80 Elasticity modulus [GPa]2 - - 4 Strain at failure [%]1 - 53 - 41 - 8 Density [g/cm3] - - - transition temperature [ C]70 - 120102 - 150100 - 2701.

5 FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MATERIALSP roperties of polymeric CONSTITUTION ANDGENERALPROPERTIES OFFRPS12/50 Pultrusion Hand layup Filament winding Centrifugation Resin transfer moulding (RTM) Resin infusion moulding (RIM) Compression moulding Vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) Vacuum infusion1. FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES FORFRP MATERIALS13/50 Phase 1:Impregnationof glass fibres by liquid resin inside a heated mould, with the shape of the cross-section to be producedPhase 2:Curing/solidificationof the resin matrix inside the mould, resulting in a profile with the intended cross-sectionPultrusion1.

6 FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES FORFRP MATERIALS14/50S&PHand layup in a moulding table of a GFRP laminateMoulding of CFRP sheets over reinforced concrete elements1. FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MATERIALSHand layupConsecutive application of layers of fibre reinforcement and subsequent impregnation by the polymeric matrix, which cures (i) in a mould or (ii) over a member to be MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES FORFRP MATERIALS15/50 Diversity offibre reinforcement(type, orientation, position, content) Variety ofpolymersas matrix Additivesandfillersin the matrix (specific properties) Depending on the specific application requirements, it is possible to combine:Several manufacturing processesHybrid profile(C and G fibres) PHILOSOPHY INFRP DEVELOPMENT1.

7 FIBREREINFORCEDPOLYMER(FRP) MATERIALS16/502. FRP MATERIALS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONSTHENEWFRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS17 STRUCTURALAPPLICATION OFFRP MATERIALSI nternal reinforcement of RC structuresExternal strengthening of RC structuresFully-composite structuresFRP laminates and sheetsFRP profiles and panels 2. FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSFRP rebarsField of application of FRP materialsHybrid structures (with traditional)18 FRP REBARS GEOMETRY ANDPROPERTIESACISch eck Constitution: polymer matrix (vinylester)and rovings (axial fibre reinforcement) Available diameters: 6 to 36 mm Surface finishing: a)ribbed; b) sand coating; c)exterior wound fibres and sand coating Geometry:a)straight; b)with anchorage heads; and bent c)in U or d) hooked2.

8 FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS19/50 PropertyGFRPCFRPAFRPD ensity [g/cm3]1,25 - 2,101,50 - 1,60 1,25 - 1,40 Fibre content [%]50 - 6050 60-Thermal expansion coefficient [ 10-6/ C]Axial6,0 - 10,0-9,0 a 0,0-6,0 a -2,0 Transversal21,0 - 23,074,0 - 104,0 60,0 - 80,0 Axial tensile strength [MPa]483 - 1600600 - 3690 1720 - 2540 Axial elasiticity modulus [GPa]35 - 60120 - 58041 - 125 Axial strain at failure [%]1,2 - 3,10,5 - 1,71,9 - 4,4 ACISch eck2. FRP MATERIALS FRP REBARS GEOMETRY ANDPROPERTIES20/50 Reinforcement of bridge deckAquaculture (Acuinova, Mira)Repair of maritime structures, dock and FRP REBARS APPLICATIONS2.

9 FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS21/50 FIB (2007): Fib Bulletin 40 - FRP reinforcement in RC structures ACI (2006): ACI - Guide for the Design and Construction of structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars CNR-DT (2007): Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer FRP REBARS DESIGNGUIDELINES2. FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS22 FRP STRENGTHENINGSYSTEMS-TYPOLOGIES Laminates: unidirectional precured(carbon) fibre strips, adhesively bonded with epoxy adhesive. Sheets:uni/multi-directional mats of continuous (carbon) fibres, moulded and cured in situ, impregnated and bonded with an epoxy sheetsCFRP laminatesBettorBettor2.

10 FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSNOTE: There are also rebarsandcables/tendons23/50 Laminates:- E = 165 to 300 GPa- u= 1500 to 3000 MPa- u= 0,5 a 1,7%Sheets:- E = 240 to 640 GPa (typically, 240 to 300 GPa)- u= 2500 to 3000 MPa- u= 0,4 a 1,55 % FRP STRENGTHENINGSYSTEMS-PROPERTIES2. FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS24/50 Flexural strengthening of beams and slabsShear strengthening of beamColumn strengthening (confinement) FRP STRENGTHENINGSYSTEMS-APPLICATIONSF lexural and shear strengthening of beam2. FRP MATERIALS FORCIVILENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONS25/50 FIB (2001): Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures ACI (2008): ACI - Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures CNR-DT (2004): Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing FRP STRENGTHENINGSYSTEMS-GUIDELINES2.