- the potentials and the obstacles on the road to …

1 13. August 2016 1 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems 2016-08-13 MFI Technical/ Barbecue meeting Automotive Radar from comfort to safety and beyond - the potentials and the obstacles on the road to make it happen Holger H. Meinel Automotive Radar Expert Retired, formerly with Daimler AG, Stuttgart 13. August 2016 2 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Introduction why me ? 1974 That was me - then ! 13. August 2016 3 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Contents Motivation - the road traffic death toll History the technical beginning - from swords to ploughs to safety Today - State-of-the Art the commercial going-on - today s frequencies 24 & 77/ 81 GHz - paradigm change: from comfort to safety Future - what s necessary and available ? - technically - commercially - politically Conclusion ,&The&Future&of&Autonomous&Driving&,&Dom inique&Bonte&2&Google, Car OEMs, Tier1s, Research Institutes !

2 Congestion ! Pollution ! Safety ! Convenience Both for consumer and commercial vehicles ! Driverless taxis ! Driverless delivery vans ! Driverless cars for elderly, kids, and impaired ,&The&Future&of&Autonomous&Driving&,&Dom inique&Bonte&10&Driverless EVs as the City Cars of the Future Autonomous Vehicles and Smart Cities 13. August 2016 4 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Why ? Africa 234 000 America 142 000 South-East Asia 285 000 Western Pacific 278 000 Eastern Mediterran 175 000 European (+ North-West Asia) 118 000 Road traffic deaths by WHO region source: global status report on road safety, WHO 2009 Worldwide approximately million fatalities per year 13. August 2016 5 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Weltweite Fahrzeugzulassungen 13. August 2016 6 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems The Vision 13. August 2016 7 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems But !

3 The turn-around in Europe From: Alain Dunoyer, SBD, UK 13. August 2016 8 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Early History ACC in Europe VDO HIT Prof. Rolland SEL LUCAS PHILIPS SEL 13. August 2016 9 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Early History - ACC 1974 the first 35 GHz Distance Warning Radar (DWR) from TELEFUNKEN Technical Data 13. August 2016 10 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems TFK-Bosch 35 GHz Radar on a MAN Truck Early History Telefunken DWR 13. August 2016 11 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Early History ACC worldwide DASA A-Model C-Model Fujitsu Sensor IZUZU TOYOTA VW-Rockwell NISSAN TRW 13. August 2016 12 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems History CWS 20 years ago 1996 the first 24 GHz Collision Warning System (CWS) from EATON VORAD in series production 13. August 2016 13 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems 1997 more than systems installed over 900 million km driven (trucks & buses) Trucks GREYHOUND bus with Oregon license plate pictured in Atanta, GA History CWS 20 years ago 13.

4 August 2016 14 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Source: 20th SAMPE Europe, Paris, 13th -15th April 1999 History & Background .. swords to ploughs .. - the new start - 1999 13. August 2016 15 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - overview 2012 Source: ADAC Test Zentrum, Landsberg 13. August 2016 16 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Summarized table of results Conti Conti Delphi Autocruise Bosch Fujitsu-Te n Delphi elesys Autoliv Delphi Tier 1 Source: ADAC Test Zentrum, Landsberg 2012 CPA 13. August 2016 17 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - Systems ACC in the form of Distronic Plus (at MB) was only the beginning and a prerequisite for further advanced systems, like Brake Assist PLUS (BAS) PRE-SAFE Brake and we have CPA (today ) Collision Prevention Assist PRE-SAFE Brake Brake Assist PLUS Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Distronic Plus Available since spring 2009 Design Clou AUDI 13.

5 August 2016 18 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art brake assist PRE-SAFE Brake Based on a 77 GHz ACC sensor 13. August 2016 19 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - NISSAN The all-around collision-free car incorporates applications, like Safety shield Intelligent Brake Assist Active stability assist RCTA 13. August 2016 20 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - LRR & SRR Mercedes-Benz promising results ADAS could reduce accidents by 80 % Today roughly one accident per 280,000 miles driven 2040 only one accident per 1,600,000 miles driven Source: KPMG August 2015 13. August 2016 21 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Development of BS Monitoring 1971 16 GHz Dunlop and Assoc. - the first BSD Sensor IEEE G-MTT 1971 Wash. DC 1995 24 GHz HE Microwave Corp. SDS - Side Detection System IEEE MTT-S 1995 San Francisco 2012 24 GHz UWB Autoliv/ Mercedes-Benz Active Blind Spot assist The Electronic Shoulder Check No-one can see what is going on behind their back.

6 This limitation has always been compensated in vehicles by means of rear-view and exterior mirrors. One area nevertheless remains: the blind spot. Every year, around 9,500 serious road accidents in Germany are caused by motorists, failing to take heed of the traffic behind. 13. August 2016 22 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - SRR sensors Europe being at the forefront of ADAS and EBS sensor systems - not only in Europe, but worldwide Hella (NB-sensor) - being employed by Audi, BMW, Mazda, KIA, Peugeot, VW, Volvo .. Valeo (NB-sensor) - being employed by GM, Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, GMC (trucks) .. Autoliv (UWB-sensor) - being employed by Mercedes-Benz (MFA & MRA) BSD, LCA, RCTA, PCR 24 GHz CONTI - SRR VALEO Rear/Side Radar Cross Traffic Hella G20 Hella as well as Valeo have each sold more than 2 Mio. units in 2014 Task:Offer a single sensor platform that is capable of supporting a wide variety of applications via software modes that are customizable for the application of :Autoliv s 24 GHz UWB Multi Mode Radar Sensor based on state of the art SiGe BiCMOS RF technology developed by Autoliv.

7 In addition of high resolution short and mid range performance the new multi mode capability further expands the number of features that a singe hardware platform can satisfy. Strategic Benefits:Installed sensors can be leveraged for multiple applicationsFaster time to market for new applications with lower development costsHigher economies of scale from a common hardware platform Copyright Autoliv Inc., All Rights Reserved24 GHz UWBM ulti Mode RadarAutoliv UWB MMR 13. August 2016 23 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems Besondere Anforderungen der Automobilindustrie Elektronik wird auf 15 8000 h ausgelegt Automobile sind langlebige Produkte Temperatur, Feuchte, Vibration, Chemikalien Hohe Anforderungen an Umweltbest ndigkeit, abh ngig vom Verbauort im Fahrzeug Ausfallraten im ppm Bereich werden gefordert Hohe Anforderungen an die Zuverl ssigkeit der Komponenten Diese Anforderungen bleiben letztendlich - nachzuweisen ! State-of-the-Art - component requirements 13.

8 August 2016 24 potentials and obstacles ADAS advanced Driver Assistence Systems State-of-the-Art - component requirements Applicable for low cost - plastic - packages Package temperature 85 C Minimum temperature -30 C (due to adhesive materials) Channel temperature 185 C MTBF 10 years Bosch LRR3 IMST 24 GHz Sensor Continental ARS300 Distronic PLUS - 2013 A. Semiconductor TechnologyLong gone are the times when realizing a millimeter-wavefrontend was an obscure art, only a select few groups werecapable of realizing and the components used were preciouslike diamonds. Nowadays, almost any high-speed semiconduc-tor technology effortlessly achieves transistor speeds beyond100 GHz. Higher transistor speed typically translates to lowerpower, lower noise and a better design shows a comparison of the measured transistor per-formance for modern silicon semiconductor technologies thatare being used for millimeter-wave design.

9 The data forSiGe bipolar devices was collected from [1] [7]. The data onmeasured CMOS transistor performance was extracted from[8].It can be seen, that the transistor performance of SiGebipolar devices can still outperform CMOS transistors, evendown to 28 nm. Also, SiGe devices can have a very highperformance even with large feature sizes, because of thevertical nature of the key advantage of modern CMOS nodes with double-digit nm feature sizes is the high integration density of digitalcircuitry, enabling massive system-on-chip (SoC) integration,digital-assisted RF, and replacing analog functions by fullydigital counterparts, as shown in [9].Main technical obstacles for using CMOS technology inmillimeter-wave automotive radar are the achievable outputpower, receiver noise, and linearity over the whole temperaturerange up to 125 C. Furthermore reliability, lifetime, and ro-bustness still need to be proven in an automotive environment[10] and [11].Fig. 2. Measured speed of CMOS and SiGe transistorsB.

10 PackagingModern automotive radar sensors like the Bosch MRR [12]are manufactured using surface-mount technology, even for the77 GHz millimeter-wave parts. This is a key enabler to achievelow-cost and high-volume addition to the millimeter-wave capable package, theprinted circuit board (PCB) is another key element, servingmultiple purposes. It is used as antenna substrate, means forRF, DC, power and digital signal distribution, mechanicalcarrier of electronic components, and for thermal shows the PCB of the MRR with antenna and frontendintegrated circuits on the top side, and baseband with digitalelectronics on the bottom side.(a) Front(b) BackFig. 3. RF PCB of the Bosch MRR [12]With increasing performance requirements, fulfilling allthese demands gets more difficult and expensive, so newsolutions for PCB and package are required. One approachis the introduction of new substrate materials based on liquid-crystal polymer (LCP) or expoy resin, that enable multilayer-structures, and improved manufacturing compared to the cur-rent Teflon-based substrates, and are also more cost efficient[13].