The Project on International Courts and Tribunals …

1 The Project on International Courts and TribunalsThe International Judiciary in ContextConcept: Cesare P. R. Romano,Center on International Cooperation,New York UniversityDesign: Lorenzo Ottaviani Design / NYHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law BodiesInspection PanelsInternational Administrative TribunalsLaw of the SeaInternational CriminalLaw / Humanitarian LawEnvironmentTrade, Commerceand InvestmentsHuman RightsGeneral JurisdictionRegional Economic and Political Integration AgreementsEXISTINGThe date in parenthesisindicates the year in whichthe body started.

2 This is not the dateon which the agreementestablishing the bodywas signed, nor necessarilythe date of the agreement sentry into dates in parenthesisindicate the period duringwhich the body wasin bodies, afterhaving had their constitutiveinstruments adopted,never started date in parenthesisindicates the year in whichthe constitutive instrumentwas bodies, whileformally still operating,have not receivedany submission forseveral date in parenthesisindicates the year in whichthe constitutive instrumentwas are bodies whoseestablishment has beenconsidered in the pastby academics andlaw-makers,but which havenot yet become (November, 2004) International Claims and Compensation Bodies - Multilateral / BilateralInternational Judicial BodiesQuasi-Judicial, Implementation Control and other Dispute Settlement BodiesEXISTING International Courtof Justice (1946 )

3 EXISTING International Criminal Tribunalfor the Former Yugoslavia (1993 ) International Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (1995 ) International Criminal court (2004 )EXISTING European court of HumanRights (1959-1998 / 1998 ) Inter-American Courtof Human Rights (1979 )EXISTING World Trade OrganizationDispute Settlement Understanding(1995 )The DSU created a dispute settlementsystem based on a standing politicalorgan (the Dispute Settlement Body),comprising all members of the WTO, aset of ad hoc expert panels, and theAppellate Body.

4 The reports of thePanels and the Appellate Body can berejected by the DSB only by speaking, only the AppellateBody belongs in this column, while theDSB and the panels should be listed inthe section, Permanent ArbitralTribunals/Conciliation Commissions .EXISTING court of Justice of the EuropeanCommunities (1952 ) Benelux Economic Union court of Justice (1974 )The Benelux College of Arbitratorshas been listed in the section Permanent Arbitral Tribunals /Conciliation Commissions . court of First Instance of theEuropean Communities (1988 )The European court of Auditors (1977 )is not quite an International judicial body (see back).

5 It is an internalcontrol body of the European examines whether EU budgetaryrevenue has been received, and thecorresponding expenditure incurred,in a legal and regular manner. TheCourt does not formally adjudicate NASCENT African court on Humanand Peoples Rights (1998)The Protocol to the African (Banjul)Charter on Human and Peoples Rights entered into force in January25, 2004. However, by the timethis synoptic chart was updated(November 2004), the ACHPR had not yet started International HumanRights CourtEXISTING Economic court of the Commonwealthof Independent States (1993 )EXISTING court of Justice of theAndean Community (1984 ) Central American court of Justice CorteCentroamericana de Justicia (1994 )NASCENT Caribbean court of Justice (2001)ABORTED Central American Tribunal (1923)PROPOSED MERCOSUR court of Justice Inter-American court of Intl.

6 JusticePROPOSED International Loans TribunalEXISTING International Tribunal for theLaw of the Sea (1996 )PROPOSED International court for the EnvironmentEXTINCT Permanent court of International Justice (1922-1946)EXTINCT African Slave Trade MixedTribunals (1819-1866 circa) International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (1945-1946) International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946-1948)EXTINCT Central American court of Justice Cortede Justicia Centroamericana (1908-18)ABORTED International Prize court (1907) DORMANT European Nuclear EnergyTribunal (OECD) (1957) Western European UnionTribunal (1957) European Tribunal on StateImmunity (Council of Europe)(1972)DORMANT Judicial Board of the Org.

7 Of ArabPetroleum Exporting Countries (1980) court of Justice of the Economic Community of Central African States (1983) court of Justice of the ArabMaghreb Union (1989) court of Justice of the AfricanEconomic Community (1991)EXISTING World Bank Inspection Panel (1994 ) Inter-American Development Bank Independent Investigation Mechanism (1995 ) Asian Development Bank Inspection Policy (1995 )EXISTING ILO Commission of Inquiry (1919 ) ILO Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations (1926 ) ILO Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions (1926 ) United Nations Commissionon Human Rights (1946 ) ILO Governing Body Committee onFreedom of Association (1950 ) Committee of IndependentExperts under the EuropeanSocial Charter (1965 ) Renamed in 1998 EuropeanCommittee of Social Rights Committee on the Eliminationof Racial Discrimination (1969 )

8 International Civil and Political Rights Committee (1976 ) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1979 ) Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981 ) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1987 ) Committee Against Torture (1987 ) African Commission on Humanand Peoples Rights (1987 ) European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1989 ) Committee on the Rights of the Child (1990 ) European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (1993 )EXISTING Commission for Displaced Persons and Refugees(Bosnia Herzegovina) (1995 ) Commission to PreserveNational Monuments (Bosnia Herzegovina) (1995 ) Committee on the Protection ofthe Rights of All Migrant Workersand Members of their Families(2004 ) International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (1992 )EXISTING Implementation Committee under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1990 )

9 IMO Sub-committee on Flag State Implementation (1992 ) Implementation Committee of the Protocols to the 1979 ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (1997 ) Committee for the Review of the Implementation of theDesertification Convention (2002 )EXTINCT American-Mexican Claims Commissions (1868, 1923 and 1924) Conciliation Commissions under the 1947 Peace Treaty with Italy (1947-1965*) UN Tribunal for Eritrea (1951-1954) UN Tribunal for Libya (1951-1955) Commission for Real PropertyClaims of Displaced Personsand Refugees (Bosnia andHerzegovina) (1995-2003)EXISTING NAFTA Dispute Settl.

10 Panels (1994 ) Arbitration and Mediation Center of the World Intellectual Property Organization (1994 )EXISTING Special court for Sierra Leone(2003 ) Regulation 64 Panels in theCourts of Kosovo (2000 ) Serious Crimes Panels in theDistrict court of Dili (East Timor)(2000 )EXISTING Iran-United States ClaimsTribunal (1980 ) Marshall Islands Nuclear ClaimsTribunal (1983 ) United Nations Compensation Commission (1991 ) Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland (1997 ) German Forced Labour Compensation Programme (2000 ) Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (2000 ) EXTINCT European Commissionon Human Rights (1959-1998) Human Rights Chamber forBosnia and Herzegovina(1996 2003) Human Rights CommissionWithin the ConstitutionalCourt of Bosnia andH