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The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing ...

The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing Outcomes: A Meta- analysis of Sentencing Research Author(s): Ojmarrh Mitchell ; Doris L. MacKenzie Document No.: 208129 Date Received: December 2004 Award Number: 2002-IJ-CX-0020 This report has not been published by the Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Department of Justice.

analysis has become the preferred method for synthesizing quantitative research because it solves many of the problems of narrative literature reviews. Instead of focusing on statistical significance, meta-analysis focuses on both the observed direction and magnitude of a relationship by using numerical effect size estimates. Meta-analysis gives

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Transcription of The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing ...

1 The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing Outcomes: A Meta- analysis of Sentencing Research Author(s): Ojmarrh Mitchell ; Doris L. MacKenzie Document No.: 208129 Date Received: December 2004 Award Number: 2002-IJ-CX-0020 This report has not been published by the Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Department of Justice.

2 The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing Outcomes: A Meta- analysis of Sentencing Research ABSTRACT Statement of Purpose: A tremendous body of research has accumulated on the topic of racial and ethnic discrimination in Sentencing . These studies have produced seemingly divergent findings. The purpose of this research is to conduct an objective, comprehensive, and systematic review of the literature regarding the Relationship between race/ethnicity and Sentencing outcomes using quantitative methods ( , meta- analysis ), which remedy many of the shortcomings inherent in the extant qualitative ( narrative ) reviews.

3 Further, this research goes beyond simply addressing the question of whether there is unwarranted racial/ethnic Sentencing disparity, but also addresses the question of why this body of research produces such inconsistent findings. Methods: This research employed meta- analysis to summarize and analyze the variability in research findings. This meta- analysis established explicit, pre-set eligibility criteria that governed inclusion decisions in this review. Hundreds of studies are retrieved; each was closely scrutinized to determine eligibility status. From each study, observed differences in Sentencing outcomes by race/ethnicity, independent of defendant s criminal history and seriousness of the current offense, were transformed into effect sizes.

4 We also coded features of each study s sample, methodology, type of Sentencing outcome, and Sentencing context. This document is a research report submitted to the Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Department of analysis : The data set was analyzed using meta-analytic analogues to traditional analysis of variance, and multiple-regression. Results: Eighty-five studies meeting our stated eligibility criteria were located. analysis of these data reveal that, after taking into account defendant criminal history and current offense seriousness, African-Americans and Latinos were generally sentenced more harshly than whites.

5 Differences in Sentencing outcomes between these groups generally were statistically significant but statistically small (although not necessarily substantively small). Further, analyses indicate that larger estimates of unwarranted Sentencing disparity were found in studies that examined drug offenses, imprisonment or discretionary Sentencing decisions, and in recent analyses of Federal court data. Smaller estimates of unwarranted Sentencing disparity were found in analyses that employed more control variables (especially those that controlled for defendant SES), utilized precise measures of key variables, or examined Sentencing outcomes relating to length of incarcerative sentence.

6 Additionally, there was some evidence to suggest that structured Sentencing mechanisms, such as Sentencing guidelines, were associated with smaller unwarranted Sentencing disparities. The limited available research contrasting Sentencing patterns of whites to those of Asians or Native Americans does not generally reveal significant differences between these groups. Conclusions: Overall, these findings call into question the so-called no discrimination thesis. These findings suggest that policy-makers need to re-evaluate Sentencing practices, especially in regards to drug offenses and the decision to incarcerate. This document is a research report submitted to the Department of Justice.

7 This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Department of Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing Outcomes: A Meta- analysis of Sentencing Research RESEARCH SUMMARY FINAL REPORT Submitted to the National Institute of Justice Ojmarrh Mitchell, Department of Criminal Justice University of Nevada, Las Vegas Doris L. MacKenzie, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland This project was supported by Grant No.: 2002-IJ-CX-0020 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Department of Justice.

8 Points of view in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Department of Justice This document is a research report submitted to the Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Department of Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentencing Outcomes: A Meta- analysis of Sentencing Research RESEARCH SUMMARY The issue of racial and ethnic disparity in criminal Sentencing has been one of the longest standing research topics in all of criminology.

9 At least 70 years of empirical research has focused on this issue without a clear consensus emerging. Over that period, a tremendous body of research has accumulated on this topic. Some studies have found that racial/ethnic minorities are sentenced more harshly than whites even after legally relevant factors, such as offense seriousness and prior criminal history, are taken into consideration. Conversely, a few studies have reached the opposite conclusion racial minorities are treated more leniently than whites, while still other research has found no differences in Sentencing outcomes by race/ethnicity of the defendant. The current research reports the results from a quantitative ( , meta-analytic) synthesis of empirical research assessing the influence of race/ethnicity on non-capital Sentencing decisions in criminal courts.

10 Eighty-five studies meeting our eligibility criteria were located. From each of these studies, the magnitude and direction of observed racial/ethnic disparities were calculated (via effect sizes). That is, from each study we measured the actual size and direction ( , which racial/ethnic group was disadvantaged) of any observed differences in Sentencing outcomes by race/ethnicity. Analyses of these data not only determine whether there is racial/ethnic disparity disadvantaging minorities, but also estimate the magnitude of such disparity. Perhaps most importantly, the results of these analyses go beyond addressing the simple question 1 This document is a research report submitted to the Department of Justice.


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