The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence - ucg.ac.me

1 TheSAGE Handbook ofInterculturalCompetenceTo my father(Rev. HaroldI. Bo wman,1943-2008)TheSAGE Handbook byDukeUniversityHarvard UniversityCo pyright 2009by SA GEPublications, thisbo ok maybe re producedor utilizedin anyformor by anymeans,electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying,rec ording,or by anyinformationstorageandre tr ie valsy stem,withoutper missionin r information:SAGEP ublications, 1/I1 MohanCo operativeThousandOaks,IndustrialAreaCali fornia91320 MathuraRoad,NewDelhi 110044E-mail:order@s Ol ive r s Ya rdAsia-PacificPte. CityRoad33 PekinStreet #02-01 LondonEC 1Y1 SPFarEastSquareUnitedKingdomSingapore048 763 Printedin theUnitedSt atesof Amer icaLibraryof Congress Cata loging-in-PublicationDataTheSAGE handbookof Intercultural Competence / editedby DarlaK. cl ud es bib BN978-1-4129-6045-8(cl oth)1.

2 Interculturalcommun ication. 2. Deardorff, Darla 209051 dc222009006546 Thisbookis printedon aci :ToddR. ArmstrongEditorialAssi stant:AjaBakerProductionEd ito r:Astrid VirdingCopyEdito r:GillianDickensTypesetter:C&MDigitals(P ) freader:Dennis W. WebbInd exe r:EllenSl avitzCoverDesigner:ArupGiriMarketing Manager:JenniferReedBanandoContentsAckno wledgmentsviiiForew ordixDerek BokPr efac Competence2 Bri an H. Spitzbergand Iden tity Factorin Interc ulturalCompetence53 You ng Yun InterculturallyComp eten t Glo bal Leader66 MargaretD. MoralCirclein InterculturalCompetence:Tr ust Acr oss Cult ures85 Gert Jan Hofs cultur al Co nflict Competence as a Facet of In terculturalCompetenceDevelopment:Multipl eConceptual Approaches100 Stella Ting- ivatin g Intercultural Com petence:A Proc ess Perspective121 Jan et M.

3 G Glob ally Comp eten t Citizens:Th e Co ntras ting Ca ses of the Un ited Sta tes and Vietnam141 Mark A. Ashwilland Du 'o'ngTh stan din g Africans Con ceptualizatio nsof Inter culturalCompetence158 Peter Og om NwosuCha pte r As so ciativ e Approachto InterculturalCommunicationCompetence in the Arab World17 9R. S. Zah ar naCha pte r ChineseMod el of Intercultural Leadership Com petence19 6Gu o-MingChenand Ran AnCha pte r Competencein GermanDi scou rse20 9 AloisMo os m ll er and Mich ael Sch nhuthCha pte r : A Cross-Cultural OverviewofIntercultural Com petence23 3 RanjiniManianand Sh obhaNaiduCha pte r VersusIntercultu ralCompetenciesin Lat in America24 9 AdrianaMedina-L pez-Portil lo and John H. SinnigenCha pte r Co nceptualizationsofIntercultural Com petence: A Summary and Emerging Th emes26 4Da rla K.

4 Dear dor ffPARTII:APPLYINGINTERCULTURALCOMPETENCE 271 Cha pte r 15. Intercultural Competencein Hum an Res our ces PassingIt On: Intercult ural Competencein the Training Arena27 2 Crai g StortiCha pte r 16. Intercultural Competencein Business LeadingGlobalProjects:Bridgingthe Culturaland Fun ction al Divide28 7 RobertT. Mor an, Wil li am E. Youngdahl,an d SarahV. Mo ranCha pte r 17. Intercultural Competencein Teac her Education Deve lo ping the Intercult ural Competenceof Edu cato rs andTheir Students:Cr eatin g the Bluepr ints30 4 KennethCushnerand JenniferMahonCha pte r 18. Intercultural Competencein Fore ign Languages TheIntercultural Speakerand the Pedagogyof Fo reign Lang uage Edu cation32 1 Mich ael ByramCha pte r 19. Intercultural Competencein InternationalEducationAdministration Cultural Ment oring:InternationalEducationProf es sionalsand the Developmentof In terculturalComp etenc e33 3R.

5 Mic hael Pai ge and MatthewL. GoodeChapter20. InterculturalCom petencein SocialWork CulturallyCompetentPrac tice in SocialWork350 RowenaFongChapter21. InterculturalCom petencein Engineering Glo bal Competencefor Eng in eers362 John M. Grandinand Norb ert Hedderic hChapter22. InterculturalCom petencein Re ligiousOrganizations NeitherJew nor Gentile:Less ons Ab outInterculturalCompetence in Religio us Or ganizations374 Georg e YanceyChapter23. InterculturalCom petencein HealthCare DevelopingSkil ls for In terculturally Com petentCare387 RohiniAnandand In dra Lah ir ical Issues inResearching Intercultural Competence404 Fon s J. R. Van de Vijver and ry an d Research:Th e Evolutionof Intercultural Comp eten ce in Stud y Abroad419 MichaelVandeBergand R. Mich ael PaigeChapter26 .Res earch Application: Towarda GeneralFrameworkofCompetencefor Today s Glob al Village438 Fon s Trompenaars and PeterWoolli essingIntercultural Comp etenc e: Issu es and Tools456 AlvinoE.

6 Fant pl emen ting In tercultural Comp etenc e Assessmen t477 Darla K. Real Cost of InterculturalInc omp etenc e: An Epilog ue 492 Jos eph E. Tri mble,Paul B. Pedersen, an d EduardoS. Rod elaAutho r Index504Su bject Index517 Aboutth e Editor530 Aboutth e Contributors531viiiAcknowledgmentsDeep gra titude is ex pressedfirst and foremostto the cont ri butors of thisha ndboo k. The cont ributo rs made this hand book such a pleasureto edit ,and with out them, this reso urce wou ld no t be was ind eed anhonor to work with them .Aspecial th ank you goe sto Peggy Pusch for he rgui danceon the initi al project and to those who enthusiasticallysupportedthe conceptuali -zatio nof th is proj ect, includingthe late Bob Kohls, Janet Be nne tt, MichaelPai ge, andBria app rec iate the assistanceof SAGE editor Todd Armst rong andthe SAGE editorialsta ff for answeringmy many que st ions and fo r provid ing suchwonderfulsup port thr oughoutthe pro cess.

7 Many thanks to init ial review ers as wellas to coll eagu es who re vie we d chaptersof th is hand bo ok , including Luis Rive ra,Susan Buck Sutton,and Alan Dupon t. Above all, I am imme nsely gratefu l to myfamily and especia ll ymy husb and, Duane De ard orff, for his enormouspatience,per -seve rance, encouragement and most of all hisunwaveringsup po Darla K. Dear dorffDu rham, NC, US ALily ratnam(Macquarie Uni ve rsity, SydneyAust ralia )Mark A. As hwill (Institut e of Int ernationalEducation-Viet nam )Michael Byr am (University of Du rham, En glan d)Prue Holmes (Wa ikato ManagementSchoo l, Un iversityof Waikato)Young Yu n Kim (University of Oklahoma)Barbara Kap ple r Mikk (Un ive rsity of Minnesota) hael Paige (Univ ersit y of Minnesota)Mark V. Redmo nd (Iow a State University)Melis sa (SlipperyRo ck Uni versit y)Revi ew er ListixForewordEvery seriousacco unt of the maj or forces transfo rming ou r world to dayincludesthe wordgl obaliz cou rse, much of what we mean by globa -lizati on is largely a con tinuation of tre nds and pract ices that were evidentlong be fore the 21st there are aspec ts of to day s wo rld th at seem diff -erent enough,or at least accentuatedenou gh, to mak e our situatio n seem differentfr om wha t has gone be one thing, mod ern communication has de velop ed to a poin t th at it is possi -ble to collab orate more effe ctively th an ever before wit h people anywherein theworld.

8 Thanksto the Internetan d tele conferencing,scien tists as far away as Russiaand Chin aare being hired to do appliedresearchwith colleaguesin corpor ate labo -ratorie s here in the Unit ed St ates. Polish do cto rs can an alyze CA T scans fo r hospi -ta ls loca ted in New York Ci ty. Colle ge graduatesin Bangalore preparethe taxreturnsfor hundredsof thousands of Americans every peed travel greatly inc rea ses perso nal contact acr oss tairp lanes all ow business executivestovisit multiplecountriesin Asia dur in gasingleweek to seek ne w orders, create joint venture s, or co nsult about tio na l meetingsof all kinds for public offic ials, professors,doctors,andman y others havemultiplied in numb er. Tour ism has expa nded tremendously,brin ging ever gre ater numbe rs of foreignnationalsto th e United St at es while se nd -ing mountingnumbersof Americansto other nati ons and culturesthe world ove and more pe ople, esp ec ially from poorer coun tries, are movingto sea rchfor jobs an d su cces s in more prosperouspart s of the world.

9 In 2002, the numbe r ofpersonsliving in countriesothe r than their land of birth reached175 mi llion, mor ethan double the number in 1975. The United State s has been expe ri enc ing a hug einflux of immigrantsnot only fr om Lat in Americaand the Carib bean but from Asi aas well. As are sul t, the Un ited States is fast beco ming anation of minorities inwh ichno group, inclu ding White s, will be able to claim a majorityof the developments have create d a mor e urge nt need tha n ever before forAmericansto developintercultural und erstandingand an ability tolive and work pr o-ductivelyand har mo nio usly with peo pl e having ve ry diffe re nt va lue s, backgrounds,an d habits. As James Dude rsta dt, former presid en t of the Univer sity of Mi chiga n, hasput it, Und er st anding cu lture sother th an our own ha sbeco me nec ess ary not only forpersonalenrich ment and goo dci tize nsh ip but for our very survival as ana tion.

10 XTHE SAGEHANDBOOK OF INTERCULTURALCOMPETENCEN owhereis this need felt mo re ke enly than in educat ional institut ions, whichmust play a central role in help ing prepareyoungergenerationsfor the cosmopoli-tanworl dtha tawaits them ,aworld inwhich they are bound tointer action wit hfor -eign na tionals and diff ere nt ethnic gr oups and fee l the inf luence of differentvaluesand cul ture s on a scale unequalledin previousgene ration s. The magnit ude of th ischal lenge is surel yone reason why aseason ed ob se rver such as Peter Sc ott, long-timeedit or of theTime s Highe r EducationSupplement,would asse rt that glo bali zation isperhaps the most fund ame ntal ch al lenge faced by the univer sity in its long history . Fortunately, educatorsdo not start fr om scratchin coping with this ents in many pu blic schoolsan d almostall colle ges and unive rsiti es in th eUnited State sha ve been highly di verse for many yea rs.