THE STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE …

1 food SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLDTHE STATE OF SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ECONOMIC SLOWDOWNS AND DOWNTURNSDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Young woman selling fruit at a street PHOTOGRAPH Shutterstock/Valeriya AnufriyevaThis flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the food and Agriculture Organization of the United citation:FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2019. The STATE of food SECURITY and NUTRITION in the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome.

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6 FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder.

7 The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the , rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website ( ) and can be purchased through Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: 2663-8061 food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome, 20192019 SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ECONOMIC SLOWDOWNS AND DOWNTURNSFOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD THE STATE OF | ii |CONTENTSFOREWORD viiMETHODOLOGY xACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiiiKEY MESSAGES xivEXECUTIVE SUMMARY xviPART 1 food SECURITY AND NUTRITION AROUND THE WORLD IN 2019 Recent trends in hunger and food insecurity Progress towards global NUTRITION targets Towards an integrated understanding of food SECURITY and NUTRITION for health and well-being Conclusions 46

8 PART 2 SUSTAINED ESCAPES FROM food INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION IN THE FACE OF ECONOMIC SLOWDOWNS AND DOWNTURNS Economic slowdowns and downturns and their impact on food SECURITY and NUTRITION Commodity dependence and its relevance for food SECURITY and NUTRITION Nexus between economic growth, poverty, and food SECURITY and NUTRITION : the role of inequality Policies for achieving sustainable escapes from food insecurity and malnutrition in the context of economic slowdowns and downturns Conclusions 118 ANNEXES 121 ANNEX 1 AStatistical tables to Part 1 122 ANNEX 1 BMethodological notes to statistical tables 148 ANNEX 2 Methodologies Part 1 159 ANNEX 3 PoU change point definitions.

9 Methodology and country lists 165 ANNEX 4 Economic growth and change in PoU between 2011 and 2017 169 ANNEX 5 The main drivers of crisis-level acute food insecurity in 2018 176 ANNEX 6 Commodity dependence definitions and country lists 178 ANNEX 7 Glossary 185 NOTES 191| iii |TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES TABLES 1 Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) in the world, 2005 2018 82 Number of undernourished people in the world, 2005 2018 93 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity, and severe food insecurity only, measured with the food Insecurity Experience Scale, 2014 2018 154 Number of people experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity, and severe food insecurity only, measured with the food Insecurity Experience Scale, 2014 2018 185 Association between food insecurity and various forms of malnutrition.

10 Cross-country analysis based on national data 446 Association between food insecurity and overweight or obesity in different age groups: micro-level data analysis from selected countries 457 Association between household food insecurity, child stunting and wasting, and anaemia in women of reproductive age: micro-level data analysis from selected countries 468 Economic shocks were significant secondary and tertiary drivers of food crises in 2018 609 High levels of commodity-export and -import dependence negatively affect food SECURITY 6710 Government spending on social and health sectors and UHC coverage in high commodity-dependent countries 7611 Coping strategies.