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The use of pesticides in developing countries and their ...

The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE - January 2021 EN STUDY Requested by the DEVE committee DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT EP/EXPO/DEVE/FWC/2019-01/LOT3/R/06 EN January 2021 - PE E u r o p ea n Union, 2021 STUDY The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food ABSTRACT This study provides a broad perspective on the main trends regarding the use of pesticides in developing countries and their impacts on human health and food security. Information is provided on the challenges of controlling these hazardous substances, along with the extent to which pesticides banned within the European Union (EU) are exported to third countries .

Moreover, health concerns associated with the handling and use of pesticides are greater in developing countries because farmers often do not have adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and are often unable to read labels that are usually the only source of safety instructions. In-person education for farmers

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1 The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE - January 2021 EN STUDY Requested by the DEVE committee DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT EP/EXPO/DEVE/FWC/2019-01/LOT3/R/06 EN January 2021 - PE E u r o p ea n Union, 2021 STUDY The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food ABSTRACT This study provides a broad perspective on the main trends regarding the use of pesticides in developing countries and their impacts on human health and food security. Information is provided on the challenges of controlling these hazardous substances, along with the extent to which pesticides banned within the European Union (EU) are exported to third countries .

2 The analysis assesses the factors b eh i nd the continuation of these exports, along with the rising demand for better controls. Recommendations are intended to improve the ability for all people, including future generations, to have access to healthy food in line with United Nations declara t ions. These recommendations include collaborating with the Rotterdam Convention to strengthen capacity building programmes and the use of the knowledge base maintained by the Convention; supporting collaboration among developing countries to strengthen pe sticide ri sk re gul ati on; explore options to make regulatory risk data more transparent and accessible; strengthen research and education in alternatives to pesticides ; stop all exports of crop protection products banned in the EU; only allow the export of severely restricted pesticides if these are regulated accordingly and used properly in the importing country.

3 And support the re-e val uation of p e sticide registrations i n de ve lop ing countries to be in line with FAO/WHO Code of Conduct. Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Developme nt. English-language manuscript was completed on 08 January 2021. European Union, 2021 Printed in Belgium. Authors: Swagata SARKAR, School of Government and Public Policy, Jindal Global University; Juliana DIAS BERNARDES GIL, Brazil agriculture researcher; James KEELEY, independent agricultural development consultant; Dr. Niklas M HRING, independent agriculture researcher; Kees JANSEN, Rural Sociology group, Wageningen University.

4 (The content of this report is the responsibility of Oxford Analytica Europe ). Official Responsible: Ulrich JOCHHEIM Editorial Assistant: Gr gory DEFOSSEZ Feedback of all kind is welcome. Please write to: To obtain copie s, ple ase send a request to: polde p-e This pape r will be publishe d on the European Parliament's online database, 'Think tank'. The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the authors and any opinions expressed therein do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. It is addressed to the Members and staff of the EP for their parliamentary work. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy.

5 ISBN : 978-92-8 46-7 673-6 (pdf) ISBN : 978-92-8 46-7 674-3 (pape r) doi: (pdf) doi: (pape r) Catalogue number: QA-03-20-8 79-EN-N Catalogue number: QA-03-20-8 79-EN-C (pape r) The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food i Table of contents Table of figures and tables iv Abbreviat ions v Executive summary vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Pesticide use in developing countries 2 Scale of use 2 Case study: Pesticide use and agriculture in Kenya 5 Agr icu ltu re int en sifica t io n 5 R egulatory shortfa lls 5 Im plica t io ns fo r h ea lth 6 Im plica t io ns fo r th e e nv ir on me nt 6 Ou t loo k 7 3 safety challenges of pesticides 8 Harm to human health is underestimated 8 Direct and indirect exposure 8 Im pa ct s on adjacen t re siden t ia l a re as 8 Po or mo n it or in g 9 Ch ild e xpos ur e 9 Safet y gui del i nes ar e mi sunder st ood 10 Limited access to information 10 H omema de prepa rations 11 P er so na l pr ot ec t ive e qu ipm en t 11 Rising counterfeit pesticides pose a risk 12 Fa rmers on the frontline 13 A major criminal enterprise 13 Lagging regulation gives

6 Way to profits over safety 13 Impact of generics 14 Enha ncing regulation 14 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies ii 4 The role of pesticides in achieving food security 15 A fra ught r el ati onshi p 15 P ersistent dema nd during norma l times 15 Rising food insecurity 15 Disa greement ov er outcomes 16 The multiple threats of volatility 17 P est infe ct io n 17 U npredicta ble weather pa tterns 17 S upply an d deman d sho cks 17 Outlook for pesticides and food security 18 P hasing out haz ardous pesticides 18 Case Study: Coordinated preventive responses to East Africa s de se rt lo cu st pla gu e 18 Case Study: Combatting the Fall armyworm 19 The possibilities of Integrated Pest Management 20 IP M in dev e lo pin g cou nt r ie s 21 Case Study: IPM in Indonesia 22 5 Pesticide policies and regulations 23 International standards 23 The right to food 23 Hazardous chemicals 23 Ma ximum R esidue Limits 24 Production and distribution 24 Volunta ry initia tives a nd regiona l agreements 24 Registration and approval 25 A ppr ova l t im es 25 B raz il: a po la r ise d de ba te 26 Tightening national regulations 27 Brazil.

7 Paraquat ban 27 Additio na l de ve lo pm en t s 28 6 Exports of pesticides banned in the EU 30 Company attitudes 30 Corpora te concerns 31 Stringent standards 31 Lo bbying strategies 31 The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food iii Portfolio upda tes 32 Potential for EU imports to be contaminated 32 EU efforts to halt exports of banned pesticides 32 European standards 33 Stricter controls on the horiz on 33 7 Re commen dat io ns 35 Bibliography 37 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies iv Table of figures and tables Figure 1. Scale of pesticide use, selected developing Table 1. Crops for which pesticides are purchased, selected countries .

8 3 Figure 2. Share of employment in agriculture, developing countries ..4 Figure 3. Common diseases of farmers in Tu Ky district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam .. 10 Figure 4. Use of protective measures during pesticides application in Ghana (%) .. 12 Figure 5. Analysis of 659 pesticides by risk to human health and the 18 Table 2. Estimated pesticide registration timeline, selected countries .. 25 F ig u r e 6. On e-year moving average of Google searches in Brazil for Par a qu at .. 27 Table 3. Key regulatory developments in selected developing countries .. 28 Figure 7. Destinations of pesticides banned for use in the EU and exported to developing 30 The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food v Abbreviations ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union BPH Brown planthopper DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DNA Designated National Authority ECHA European Chemicals Agency EFSA European Food safety Authority EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GHS Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals GMO Genetically Modified Organisms ICM Integrated Crop Management IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPM Integrated Pest Management MRLs Maximum

9 Residue Limits OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PCPA Pest Control Products Act PCPB Pest Control Products Board PES Pesticide Environmental Stewardship PIC Prior Informed Consent Procedure POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDS safety Data Sheet TRACIT Transnational Alliance to Combat Illicit Trade UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children s Fund WHO World Health Organization Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies vi Executive summary The following study on the use of pesticides in developing countries and their impacts on human health and food security was produced within Framework Contract Reference EP/EXPO/FWC/2019-01/L ot3/4.

10 Tender Procedure Reference: EP/EXPO/FWC/2019-01 between the European Parliament and OA Europe. The study is intended to provide a general understanding of pesticide use in developing countries , including the scale of the use, most notable trends, including the health impacts, and the role they play regarding food security. Growing use of pesticides pesticides are widely used throughout the developing world, a n d pesticide demand is increasing due to the current system of crop production, which prioritises high agricultural yields. Made u p o f chem icals that can control pests or regulate plant growth, pesticides have provided developing countries with o ne way to increase those yields. Many farmers in developing countries view pesticide use as the best m eans to protect their crops against pests, s uch as des ert locust s in par t s of A fr ica t his y ear, which are often the main threat they face.


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