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The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU ...

The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU and impacts on forests The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Camia A., Giuntoli, J., Jonsson, R., Robert, N., Cazzaniga, , Jasinevi ius, G., Avitabile, V., Grassi, G., Barredo, , Mubareka, S. 2021. EUR 30548 EN. This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source.

woody biomass for energy production in the EU and impacts on forests are indeed very broad. It was therefore necessary to set boundaries to the study at the onset: the study would take stock of the available data related to the use of woody biomass for bioenergy; assess the uses of

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1 The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU and impacts on forests The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Camia A., Giuntoli, J., Jonsson, R., Robert, N., Cazzaniga, , Jasinevi ius, G., Avitabile, V., Grassi, G., Barredo, , Mubareka, S. 2021. EUR 30548 EN. This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source.

2 The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Sarah Mubareka Bioeconomy Unit, TP 261, via Enrico Fermi, Ispra (VA) 21027 Italy Email: Tel.: +39 0332 78 6741. EU Science Hub JRC122719. EUR 30548 EN. PDF ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2 ISSN 1831-9424 Print ISBN 978-92-76-27866-5 ISSN 1018-5593 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. European Union, 2021. The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, , p.)

3 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution International (CC BY ) licence ( ). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content European Union, 2021 except front cover photo from iStock, all rights reserved. How to cite this report: Camia A., Giuntoli, J., Jonsson, R., Robert, N., Cazzaniga, , Jasinevi ius, G., Avitabile, V., Grassi, G., Barredo, , Mubareka, S., The use of woody biomass for energy purposes in the EU, EUR 30548 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2, , JRC122719.

4 Contents Acknowledgements .. 4. Executive summary .. 5. Policy context ..13. Related JRC work ..14. Quick guide ..15. 1 Introduction & scope ..16. 2 Sources of data on woody biomass from within and outside of forests for energy ..18. Definitions ..18. Definitions related to forests and related indicators ..18. Definitions related to wood products ..19. Definitions related to energy products ..20. Datasets on woody biomass and its use for energy ..21. Information on forest ecosystems and their sustainable management ..22. energy statistics and environmental accounts: contextual data ..24. Quantities and sources of woody biomass used for energy ..25. production and trade of roundwood and wood products ..29. Conclusions and key messages ..30. 3 woody biomass for energy ..32. woody biomass in the forest-based bioeconomy.

5 32. EU Forest resources and forest management ..32. Natural disturbances and wood supply ..35. woody biomass for bioenergy in the EU: a synopsis ..40. Primary and secondary woody biomass for energy ..46. Conclusions and key messages ..57. References Chapters 2 and 3 ..60. 4 Quantifying forest biomass in Europe ..64. Background, harmonisation efforts ..64. Reference database of forest biomass in Europe ..66. Mapping ..68. The potential of remote sensing for biomass monitoring ..70. Conclusions of the chapter and key messages ..72. References, Chapter 4 ..75. 5 Sustainability of forest bioenergy ..78. Framing the problem ..78. What is sustainable' forest bioenergy? ..78. How does this report support the governance of sustainable forest bioenergy? ..80. Delimitations of the analysis ..81. Assumptions and delimitations.

6 83. Clarifying the link between REDII and LULUCF and its implications..85. How the carbon impact of forest bioenergy is accounted in the EU ..85. Potential improvements in the interface between EU REDII and EU LULUCF ..91. De-toxifying the debate on carbon impacts of forest bioenergy ..93. Status of forest biodiversity in Europe ..94. Responses of the forest-based sector to changes in bioenergy Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy through Life Cycle Assessment: lessons learnt and available qualitative Forest bioenergy: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems' condition ..102. Biodiversity & climate change trade-offs ..102. How to assess impacts on ecosystem condition and biodiversity? ..103. Synthesis and assessment of trade-offs ..106. Review of impacts on biodiversity ..108. Removal of logging residues: review and synthesis.

7 108. Framing and background: Why is it important for bioenergy & current management practices? 108. Review of impacts on ecosystem condition attributes ..112. Review findings: removals of residues ..112. Synthesis of evidence ..119. Afforestation and conversion to plantations: review and synthesis ..123. Framing and background: why is it important for bioenergy & current management practices? 123. Review of impacts on ecosystem condition attributes ..124. Review findings: Afforestation ..125. Review findings: Conversion to plantation ..132. Synthesis of evidence ..138. Synthesis and assessment: climate and ecosystem health ..143. Qualitative assessment ..143. Future research ..148. Conclusions of the chapter and key messages ..148. References, Chapter 5 ..151. 6 Policy implications and future work.

8 162. Policy implications ..162. energy Environmental and Climate legislation ..163. Future research work, improving data and knowledge ..165. List of definitions ..167. List of acronyms and abbreviations ..171. List of figures ..173. List of tables ..175. Authors & their contributions ..176. Annex ..178. Acknowledgements This study was conducted as part of the JRC's long term mandate to assess the EU and global biomass supply and demand and related sustainability. This is a long-term institutional commitment of the JRC that initiated in 2015. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the technical experts of the relevant Inter-Service group on biomass Supply and Demand Assessment in the European Commission, chaired by T. Schleker from the Directorate General for Research and Innovation.

9 Comments from this Inter-Service group were essential during the execution of this work to put it in the proper policy context. We thank ENFIN (the European National Forest Inventory Network) for their precious collaboration to harmonise the data on forest biomass and forest available for wood supply. We also would like to thank the experts in the Member States who validated the data on salvage loggings. The authors also thank Javier Sanchez Lopez from the Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy Coordination Team for his reviews and edits, Alessandro Cescatti for his insights on the union between satellite imagery and field data, Roberto Pilli and Anu Korosuo for their useful comments. 4. Executive summary In May 2020, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (COM/2020/380) was adopted. In the communication, under section ( Win-win solutions for energy generation ), the Commission committed to publishing this report on the use of forest biomass for energy production in order to inform the EU climate and energy policies that govern the sustainable use of forest biomass for energy production and the accounting of associated carbon impacts, namely the Renewable energy Directive, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), and the Regulation on land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF).

10 The forest-based sector has been identified as part of the solution to many global challenges and a key contributor to EU objectives. Many EU policies influence forest management, the forest-based sector and forest ecosystems. The principal questions surrounding the use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU and impacts on forests are indeed very broad. It was therefore necessary to set boundaries to the study at the onset: the study would take stock of the available data related to the use of woody biomass for bioenergy; assess the uses of woody biomass in the EU with a focus on bioenergy; provide suggestions on how to improve the knowledge base on forests in a harmonised way; and expand the evidence basis by highlighting pathways that minimise trade-offs between climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation.


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