Theoretical Perspective of Bullying

1 International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ; Issue: 8; August 2020. Website: Short Communication ISSN: 2249-9571. Theoretical Perspective of Bullying Krishna Kumari Paudel Subedi PhD Scholar of Trivuwan University of Nepal and Nursing Director of Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching, Nepal ABSTRACT. Background: School Bullying has become a common phenomenon worldwide. A student or a group of students may perform frequent aggressive behavior to a student or a group of students who cannot defend at the time of Bullying . Prior to understanding what Bullying is one cannot step into implementation of antibullying strategies. But the concept of Bullying itself is so complex that, for the conceptual understanding of the same, one must be well understood in its background theories. Hence, it is consensus Theoretical concept that some Theoretical concept must be explored. Methods: In This study, various sources such as published and/or unpublished web-based materials were used in order to gather information regarding Theoretical foundation of Bullying .

2 For preparing this paper, materials were reviewed by using traditional or narrative literature review method. Scholar is doing PHD in TU. This paper was also presented in seminar of Tribhuvan University (TU) as a requirement of partial fulfillment of PHD. Results: It is substantiated that Bullying is viewing differently and people/institution have try to manage using various approaches However, implementation of the various strategies to reduce Bullying have achieved only limited success. Therefore, understanding of the Bullying from its root is the most Conclusion: Bullying is differently seen by different individual. In order to address issues of Bullying effectively, we must able to use multidimensional strategies. Different Theoretical prospective definitely provides clear cut picture and makes easy for implementation of the antibullying strategies Keywords: School Bullying , negative behavior, violent behavior INTRODUCTION direct or indirect actions, repetition and Dan Olweus who is known as unequal power.

3 [6]. pioneer of Bullying has defined Bullying is School Bullying is seemingly a widely used. Bullying is a frequent global problem. Millions of school children performing of negative behavior by a person have been the victims of Bullying every or group of persons to a person or group of year. A study reveals that Molestation of persons with the intention of hurting them. schoolchildren by their own peers has [1]. Simply, Bullying can be defined as damaged not only their academic repeated act of aggressive behavior of performance but also their health and it also bullies to victim and Bullying comprises stores up several long-lasting effects. [7]. abuse of power as well. [2] Truly, it is a Bullied children or victims are at risk for subset of violent behavior along with mental disorder, adjustment problems and intention of harm to victim. [3] Bullying does low self-esteem. [8] Researches reveal that have three distinct characteristics: intention suicide is ranked as the third cause of death to harm, repeated occurrence and possession among under- fourteen children.

4 Similarly, of unequal power between bullies and there is a strong association between victims. [4] [5] Bullying consists of five suicides and Bullying . [9] [10] In comparison elements namely; intention to harm which is to non- Bullying , adolescents who involve in premeditated, negative outcome, it involves Bullying have a greater risk of cruel and International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ( ) 83. ; Issue: 8; August 2020. Krishna Kumari Paudel Subedi. Theoretical Perspective of Bullying criminal activities in adulthood. There is help to gauge how society or school is higher rate of incidence and prevalence of associated to the extent of Bullying behavior anticipatory anxiety, depression, drug abuse, and what modified social and school substance abuse, among students who are behavior can prevent school Bullying . used to involve in Bullying than non- Bullying . [11] REVIEW. Similarly, findings of a study For preparing this paper, material emphasized that disappointing aspect of related to Theoretical perspectives of Bullying is not reported in most of the cases.

5 Bullying were searched and reviewed by Many victims or even parents of them are using traditional or narrative literature reluctant to share the problems pondering it review method. Because of its complexity in as an annoying factor. Bullying hampers the nature, it requires in-depth understanding, creative potential of the offspring and mutual effort of parents, teachers and destroys the mental tranquillity of bullies, students to stop Bullying in school. Here, I. victims and bystanders. [12] Keeping this would like to explore on concepts of idea in consideration, it is anticipated that Bullying from its roots via searching there is a dire need to do in-depth common philosophical perspectives on investigation in order to examine its Bullying . Some of renowned theories of magnitude of effects. Therefore, this paper Bullying are: social cognition theory , attempt to explore its prevalence, causes or dominance theory , humiliation theory , risk factors and effects in order to dig out its social capita theory , organizational cultural real status quo scenario of school settings.

6 theory developmental theory , theory of Bullying is multifaceted issue which Response to Group and peer Pressure and can be best understood with the lens of theory of Restorative Justice. various related Theoretical links. Theories Social cognition theory Dominance theory Social Cultural theory Humiliation theory School Bullying Developmental theory Peer Response theory Organizational theory Organizational theory Theoretical Linkage of Bullying the person's life. Children learn through observation and imitation of other's Social Cognition theory behaviors. Albert added that appreciated Virtually, no one will just violence and unpunished aggressive automatically turn out to be a bully. It must behavior are more prone to be copied and have some rooted causes or risk factors in punished. Aggressions are less liable to be International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ( ) 84. ; Issue: 8; August 2020. Krishna Kumari Paudel Subedi. Theoretical Perspective of Bullying imitated.

7 Actually, human behaviors are the pro-social bystanders in Bullying established by reciprocal relationship of circumstances. Pro-social bystander is the personal determinants, behavioral behavior that is instrumental to minimize determinants and environmental school Bullying . So, it is possible to determinants. Learning by seeing is the decrease Bullying by employing social fundamental of social cognitive theory of capital gears that are related to school Bullying . [13] Bullying . In their study, Jenkins& Fredrick Dominance theory of Bullying also highlighted that there were positive This theory is discovered by association social capital access and Pro- Sidanius and Pratto in 1999 as a social social bystanders. [19]. dominance theory [14] and later on Organization Cultural theory strengthened by Pellegrini et al in 2007. [15] It is universally acknowledged that People engage in Bullying others to get majority of Bullying behaviors are learned social status, available resources and to be or acquired from the community or the popular in the society.

8 For instance, in the society or even from the school. They are class room some students may show bossy not merely inherited. Therefore, everybody behavior expecting that others may venerate can assume that Bullying school culture them. In such case, they tend to create definitely influences to bidirectional traits; it alliance with the bullies being leaders of can either promote or stop Bullying them. Furthermore, these types of group behavior. [20] Bullying behavior are may initiate Bullying to less powerful perceived that to have amputate school students or group. Sometimes, people who environment. Parents and school members have some leadership traits may use their were less willing to arbitrate to act on their charisma and skill for dominance others as a behalf. Similarly, it was opined that an tool of gaining social status or prestige and effort to minimize or stop Bullying establishing domination. [16] behaviors in school without changing school Humiliation theory culture would almost be impossible, [21].

9 Humiliation can be defined as act of Therefore, it is important to foster safe, embarrassing or underestimating others. It collaborative and openly caring usually occurs when a powerful person environment. It is especially crucial for publicly discloses the meagreness of a school where small babies and teenagers feeble person. It is therefore a prerequisite spend longer period of time than with their factor to understand humiliation since its parents. Additionally, childhood is a highly impact directly affects the victim as well as behavior influencing time period. surrounding very badly. Humiliation can Developmental theory cause depression to victim. It curtails social The cognitive process of child cohesion. It worsens entire environment of growth and development foregrounds the the school. Actually, humiliation is so approach of Developmental theory . This powerful that it consists of putting others approach denotes that Bullying arises from down overpowering their self-esteem.

10 As a the individuals' early childhood when they matter of fact, humiliation violates the begin to state themselves at the spending of principle of fundamental human rights of others in order to form their social people being respected or dignified. [17] supremacy. At first, they tend to be so Social Capital theory powerful that they make an effort to Social capital can be a resource that threaten others. [22] This approach stating venerates the current and future welfare of that they begin to do less socially wrong the children. [18] Children with higher social ways of controlling others in the beginning. capital resources and mutual benefits are In the initial stage, verbal and indirect sorts prone to be actively involved in Bullying of Bullying appear to be more common than behaviors. On the other hand, they may be direct and physical ones. Nevertheless, the International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ( ) 85. ; Issue: 8; August 2020. Krishna Kumari Paudel Subedi.