Theories of Race and Racism

1 Theories of Race and RacismA ReaderThis comprehensive reader brings together foundational works in the study of raceand Racism by such authors as W. E. B. Du Bois, Frantz Fanon and Robert Parkwith some of the most exciting contemporary writings in the field by, amongstothers, Paul Gilroy, Homi Bhabha and bell hooks. Theories of Race and Racism isdivided into six main sections covering the following key topics: Origins and Transformations Sociology, Race and Social Theory Racism and Anti-Semitism Colonialism, Race and the Other Feminism, Difference and Identity Changing Boundaries and SpacesEach section begins with a brief editorial introduction, providing a guide to thereadings in that section by historically contextualising them and relating them toother writings in the reader. Cross-national in content, historical in scope and offeringa variety of perspectives, Theories of Race and Racism will be an invaluable resourcefor undergraduates across a range of Back is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Goldsmiths College, University ofLondon.

2 John Solomos is Professor of Sociology at South Bank Student ReadersSeries Editor: Chris Jenks, Professor of Sociology,Goldsmiths College, University of LondonForthcoming Titles:Gender: A ReaderEdited by Stevi Jackson and Sue ScottTheories of Raceand RacismA ReaderEdited and introduced byLes Back and John SolomosLondon and New YorkFirst published 2000by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4 EESimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis GroupThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. 2000 Les Back and John Solomos: editorial material; individual chapters to their contributorsAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyinformation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataTheories of race and Racism : a reader/edited by Les Back and John bibliographical references and Race.

3 2. Race relations. 3. Racism . I. Back, Les, 1962 II. Solomos, dc2199 16826 CIPISBN 0 415 15671 8 (hbk)ISBN 0 415 15672 6 (pbk)ISBN 0-203-00597-X Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-17520-4 (Glassbook Format)For Nikolas Solomos, Daniel Solomos,Stephanie Back, Sophie Back and Charlie Back,in the hope of a better futureContentsNotes on contributorsxiSeries Editor s PrefacexviiPrefacexixAcknowledgementsxxi Les Back and John SolomosINTRODUCTION: THEORISING RACE AND RACISM1 PART ONEO rigins and transformations1 Winthrop D. JordanFIRST IMPRESSIONS332 Michael BantonTHE IDIOM OF RACE513 Tzvetan TodorovRACE AND RACISM644 Oliver C. CoxRACE RELATIONS715W. E. B. Du BoisTHE CONSERVATION OF RACES79viiiCONTENTS6 Gunnar MyrdalRACIAL BELIEFS IN AMERICA87 PART TWOS ociology, race and social theory7 Robert E. ParkTHE NATURE OF RACE RELATIONS1058 Ruth BenedictRACE: WHAT IT IS NOT1139 John RexRACE RELATIONS IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY11910 Robert MilesAPROPOS THE IDEA OF RACE.

4 AGAIN12511 Stuart HallOLD AND NEW IDENTITIES, OLD AND NEW ETHNICITIES14412 David Theo GoldbergRACIAL KNOWLEDGE15413 Howard WinantTHE THEORETICAL STATUS OF THE CONCEPT OF RACE181 PART THREER acism and anti-Semitism14 George L. MosseTHE JEWS: MYTH AND COUNTER-MYTH19515 Theodor W. Adorno and Max HorkheimerELEMENTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM20616 Zygmunt BaumanMODERNITY, Racism , EXTERMINATION21217 Sander L. GilmanARE JEWS WHITE?229ixCONTENTS18 Matthew F. JacobsonLOOKING JEWISH, SEEING JEWS238 PART FOURC olonialism, race and the other19 Frantz FanonTHE FACT OF BLACKNESS25720 Lola YoungIMPERIAL CULTURE26721 Anne McClintockTHE WHITE FAMILY OF MAN28722 Chandra Talpade MohantyUNDER WESTERN EYES30223 Ann L. StolerSEXUAL AFFRONTS AND RACIAL FRONTIERS32424 Homi K. Bhabha RACE , TIME AND THE REVISION OF MODERNITY354 PART FIVEF eminism, difference and identity25 bell hooksRACISM AND FEMINISM37326 Hazel V.

5 CarbyWHITE WOMAN LISTEN!38927 Patricia Hill CollinsBLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT40428 Patricia J. WilliamsRACE AND RIGHTS42129 Avtar BrahDIFFERENCE, DIVERSITY, DIFFERENTIATION431x CONTENTS30 Ruth FrankenbergWHITE WOMEN, RACE MATTERS44731 Barbara ChristianBLACK FEMINISM AND THE ACADEMY462 PART SIXC hanging boundaries and spaces32 Gargi BhattacharyyaBLACK SKIN/WHITE BOARDS47833 Paul GilroyTHE DIALECTICS OF DIASPORA IDENTIFICATION49034 Kobena MercerIDENTITY AND DIVERSITY IN POSTMODERN POLITICS50335 Michael KeithIDENTITY AND THE SPACES OF AUTHENTICITY52136 Richard DyerTHE MATTER OF WHITENESS53937 Kimberl Williams CrenshawRACE, REFORM AND RETRENCHMENT54938 Stephen SteinbergAMERICA AGAIN AT THE CROSSROADS56139 Chetan BhattTHE LORE OF THE HOMELAND: HINDU NATIONALISMAND INDIGENIST NEORACISM 57340 Slavoj ZizekENJOY YOUR NATION AS YOURSELF!59441 K.

6 Anthony AppiahRACIAL IDENTITY AND RACIAL IDENTIFICATION607 Guide to further reading616 Name index629 Subject index639 Notes on contributorsTheodor W. Adorno (1903 69) was one of the leading figures in the Frankfurt Institute for SocialResearch from the 1930s until his death. He published a number of books on various aspects ofcritical theory, including Prisms (1967), Negative Dialectics (1973) and The Culture Industry: Selected Essayson Mass Culture (1990).K. Anthony Appiah is Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy at Harvard is also an editor of the journal Transition. He has researched and written on the history of ideasabout race and on philosophical thought and race. His books include In My Father s House: Africa in thePhilosophy of Culture (1992) and The Dictionary of Global Culture (with Henry Louis Gates Jr, 1997).

7 Michael Banton is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Bristol. He is a formerPresident of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain. He has written widely on race andethnicity, and his previous books include Racial and Ethnic Competition (1983), Promoting Racial Harmony(1985), Racial Theories (1987 and 1998) and International Action Against Racial Discrimination (1996).Zygmunt Bauman is Professor Emeritus in Sociology at the University of Leeds. He is the authorof a wide range of studies in social theory, including Legislators and Interpreters (1987) Modernity andAmbivalence (1991) and Postmodern Ethics (1993).Ruth Benedict (1887 1948) was a leading American anthropologist and taught at ColumbiaUniversity in New York. Her books included Patterns of Culture (1945) and The Chrysanthemum and theSword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1947).

8 Xii CONTRIBUTORSHomi K. Bhabha is Chester D. Tripp Professor in Humanities at the University of Chicago. He isone of the most influential theorists in the field of postcolonialism and he has written widely on keyissues related to colonialism and postcolonialism. He is the author of The Location of Culture (1994) andthe editor of Nation and Narration (1990).Chetan Bhatt is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Goldsmiths College. He has carried out extensiveresearch on race, ethnicity and new religious movements, including detailed studies of Hindunationalism and Aryanism in India. He is the author of Liberation and Purity (1997) and a number ofpapers on aspects of Hindu Bhattacharyya is a Lecturer in Cultural Studies and Sociology at the University of is the author of Tales of Dark-skinned Women (1998) and numerous articles on questions of race,gender and Brah is Senior lecturer in Extra-Mural Studies at Birkbeck College in the University ofLondon.

9 She is the author of Cartographies of Diaspora (1996) and of numerous articles and reports onaspects of race, gender and identity. She is a member of the editorial collective of Feminist V. Carby is Chair of african and african -American Studies and a Professor of AmericanStudies at Yale University. She is the author of Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (1987) and Race Men (1998).Barbara Christian is Professor of african -American Studies at the University of California, is the author of Black Women Novelists (1980) and Black Feminist Criticism (1985).Patricia Hill Collins is Charles Phelps Taft Professor of Sociology in the Department of african -American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She has written widely on issues of gender, race andsocial class, especially in relation to african -American women.

10 She has written Black Feminist Thought:Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (1990) and Fighting Words: Black Women and theSearch for Justice (1998).Oliver C. Cox (1901 74) was born in Trinidad and spent most of his life in the United States. Hetaught at Lincoln University and Wayne State University. He researched various aspects of the historyof capitalism and its evolution, including the history of race and Racism . He published a number ofstudies of the history of capitalism, including The Foundations of Capitalism (1959) and Capitalism as aSystem (1964).Kimberl Williams Crenshaw is Professor of Law at UCLA and the Columbia School of Law inNew York. She is one of the leading scholars in the area of race and law in developing what is calleda Critical Race Theory in legal studies. She is a co-editor, along with N.