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Therapeutic drug monitoring - mm.wirral.nhs.uk

Medicines Formulary Therapeutic drug monitoring Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Carbamazepine 3. Ciclosporin 4. Digoxin 5. Gentamicin 6. Lithium 7. Phenytoin 8. Theophylline (aminophylline). 9. Vancomycin For full information on treatment side effects, cautions and contraindications, see electronic British National Formulary ( ). For information on preparing intravenous medicines for administration, see Medusa Injectable Medicines Guide for the NHS (see Clinical Guidance home page). Therapeutic drug monitoring Medicines Formulary, Version 7 Principal Author: Gareth Malson Updated with approvals from Wirral drug and therapeutics committee : Nov 2010 Review: Nov 2013.

Therapeutic drug monitoring — Medicines Formulary, Version 7 Principal Author: Gareth Malson Updated with approvals from Wirral Drug and Therapeutics Committee: Nov 2010 Review: Nov 2013

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Transcription of Therapeutic drug monitoring - mm.wirral.nhs.uk

1 Medicines Formulary Therapeutic drug monitoring Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Carbamazepine 3. Ciclosporin 4. Digoxin 5. Gentamicin 6. Lithium 7. Phenytoin 8. Theophylline (aminophylline). 9. Vancomycin For full information on treatment side effects, cautions and contraindications, see electronic British National Formulary ( ). For information on preparing intravenous medicines for administration, see Medusa Injectable Medicines Guide for the NHS (see Clinical Guidance home page). Therapeutic drug monitoring Medicines Formulary, Version 7 Principal Author: Gareth Malson Updated with approvals from Wirral drug and therapeutics committee : Nov 2010 Review: Nov 2013.

2 Page 1 of 10. 1. Introduction Therapeutic drug monitoring aims to individualise drug therapy and avoid both sub- Therapeutic and toxic plasma drug concentrations. A number of factors influence drug concentration and a single sample will only reflect the concentration at the sampling time. When a new drug is introduced, steady state' will not be approached until four elimination half-lives have elapsed. Sampling prior to this time may not be beneficial unless a problem is anticipated (eg, non-compliance or toxicity). Results must be judged in light of clinical observations and other relevant investigations.

3 Clinical advice and assistance can be obtained from the laboratories performing the tests. Advice on drug dose selection and interpretation of measured plasma drug concentrations can be obtained from Clinical Pharmacists or the Pharmacy Department. Exercise caution with obese individuals where drug dosing with water-soluble agents (such as gentamicin) should be based on ideal body weight. Ideal body weight (IBW). IBW Females = [ + ( x every inch over 5ft)] kg IBW Males = [50kg + ( x every inch over 5ft)] kg For Obese patients Adjusted body weight = ideal body weight + (actual body weight ideal body weight).

4 Cockcroft and Gault equation for creatinine clearance Creatinine clearance (mL/min) = Y x (140-age) x weight Serum creatinine umol/L. Where Y = for males and for females The pharmacokinetic information provided in the following monographs relate to healthy adults unless otherwise specified. Information on paediatric and neonatal patients and in various clinical states can be provided on request from the Pharmacy Department. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Renal function is increasingly being reported on the basis of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR).

5 EGFR estimates are reported in mL/ . They are not the same as creatinine clearance estimates, which are reported in mL/min. eGFR estimates have not yet been validated for drug dosing. Dosing adjustment for renal impairment continues to be based on estimates of creatinine clearance ( calculated from the Cockcroft and Gault equation or from a 24-hour urine collection). Therapeutic drug monitoring Medicines Formulary, Version 7 Principal Author: Gareth Malson Updated with approvals from Wirral drug and therapeutics committee : Nov 2010 Review: Nov 2013.

6 Page 2 of 10. 2. Carbamazepine Therapeutics Sampling Dosage forms: Oral, rectal. Volume of blood: Fill to line. Loading dose: Not recommended. Tube to use: Ochre top. Maintenance dose: For epilepsy, initially Lab performing assay: Wirral Clinical 100 to 200mg bd orally increased gradually Biochemistry to a maximum of to 2g/day. Emergency service: No, but urgent Time to steady state: More than 2 weeks analysis may be arranged with the when initiating therapy. laboratory between 9am and 5pm. After 5pm analysis may be arranged through the Therapeutic range: 4 to 10mg/L.

7 Laboratory on call biochemist. Toxic effects: Incoordination, blurred Sampling times: Trough level immediately vision, diplopia, drowsiness, nystagmus, before next dose. ataxia, arrhythmias, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, hyponatraemia. Resampling time: Do not resample within 1. week of change in dose unless question of compliance or toxicity. Reporting procedure: Available via PCIS. Pharmacokinetics Additional Information Elimination half-life: 30 to 35 hours after 1. Carbamazepine induces its own single dose. 15 to 20 hours after multiple metabolism.

8 Consequently, although (10 to 30) doses. steady-state is achieved 2 to 3 weeks after initiating therapy, any change in Major route of elimination: 98% hepatic dosage during chronic therapy will take metabolism with some active metabolites. approximately 1 week to produce a new steady state concentration. Volume of distribution: to Carbamazepine will also induce the enzymes that metabolise many other Factors affecting plasma concentration: drugs. Increased in hepatic disease and by 2. Many drug interactions check with a concurrent use with erythromycin, Pharmacist for detailed information.

9 Cimetidine, diltiazem, verapamil and 3. Requires careful plasma drug isoniazid. concentration monitoring during Decreased by concurrent use with pregnancy. phenytoin or phenobarbital 4. In general, the recommended rectal dose (phenobarbitone). is 25% higher than the oral dose. Therapeutic drug monitoring Medicines Formulary, Version 7 Principal Author: Gareth Malson Updated with approvals from Wirral drug and therapeutics committee : Nov 2010 Review: Nov 2013. Page 3 of 10. 3. Ciclosporin Therapeutics Sampling Dosage forms: Oral, intravenous infusion Volume of blood: Fill to line.

10 (over 2 to 6 hours). Tube to use: Lavender top. Loading and maintenance doses: Different doses are applicable for different Lab performing assay: Referred out from clinical indications. Please refer to Wirral Clinical Biochemistry. manufacturer Summary of Product Characteristics or Pharmacy Department for Emergency service: No. Samples taken full details. outside hours should be sent to the laboratory. Time to steady state: 72 hours. Sampling time: Trough level immediately Therapeutic range: Depends on indication before next dose; peak level not usually for treatment.


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