THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS - USGS

1 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEYTHERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKSby Eugene C. Robertson 1 Open-File Report 88-441 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic Reston, Virginia1988 CONTENTSPageAbstract- 1 Introduction 1 Units------------------- 3 Symbols 4 THERMAL conductivity 5 Introduction 5 Solidity 5 THERMAL impedance 5 Calculation of composite models - 6 Porefluid - - 8 Quartz, olivine, pyroxene, amphibole.

2 And clay content 8 Rock conductivity at 300 K 10 Introduction 10 Mafic igneous ROCKS , air in pores 11 Mafic igneous ROCKS , water in pores 13 Felsic igneous ROCKS , air or water in pores 14 Limestone, air or water in pores - 16 Dolostone, air or water in pores - 18 Sandstone, air in pores 20 Sandstone, water in pores - 22 Shale, water in pores 24 Shale, air in pores 26 Soils, air in pores - - ~ 28 Anhydrite, gypsum, air in pores 30 Selected ROCKS 31 Conductivity anisotropy of metamorphic ROCKS 32 Rock conductivity change with temperature 34 Introduction 34 Basalt and other mafic ROCKS - 34 Felsic igneous ROCKS 35 Carbonate ROCKS 36 Quartz-bearing ROCKS - 37 Ultramafic ROCKS - 39 Rock glasses - 40 Mineral conductivity change with temperature 41 Introduction - - 41 Quartz.

3 - 41 Feldspar - - 42 Plagioclase 43 Mafic silicate minerals 44 Olivine - 46 Calcite and aragonite 47 Halite 48 Mineral conduction mechanisms 49 Phonon and imperfection conductivity 49 Radiative conductivity 49 Analysis of mechanisms - - - . - 50 Miscellaneous thermalconductivities 58 Pressure effect on THERMAL conductivity 59 THERMAL conductivity under vacuum - 62 THERMAL expansion and density of minerals - - 6511 Specific heat of rock 71 Introduction 71 Calculation of specificheat-- -- - - - - - 85 Diffusivity and THERMAL inertia 88 Calculation ofparameters 88 Heat transfer coefficients 91 Radioactive heat generation in ROCKS - 96 Appendix I.

4 Modes of heat transmission 98 References- 100 FIGURES1. THERMAL conductivity of mafic ROCKS , air in pores 122. THERMAL conductivity of mafic ROCKS , water in pores 133. THERMAL conductivity of felsic ROCKS , air in pores 154. THERMAL conductivity of felsic ROCKS , water in pores 155. THERMAL conductivity of limestone, air in pores 176. THERMAL conducivity of limestone, water in pores 177. THERMAL conductivity of dolomite, air in pores 198. THERMAL conductivity of dolomite, water in pores 199. THERMAL conductivity of sandstone, air in pores 2110.

5 THERMAL conductivity of sandstone, water in the pores 2311. THERMAL conductivity of shale, water in pores - - 2512. THERMAL conductivity of shale, air in pores - 2713. THERMAL conductivity of soils, air in pores - - 2914. THERMAL conductivity of anhydrite and gypsum, air in pores 3015. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of mafic ROCKS 3416. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of felsic igneous ROCKS 3517. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity carbonate ROCKS 3618. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity sandstones, quartzites, and shales 3819. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of ultramafic ROCKS 3920. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of rock glasses 4021.

6 Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of quartz 4122. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of plagioclase 4223. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of albite-anorthite solid solutions 4324. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of mafic silicate minerals 4525. Temperature effect on THERMAL conductivity of forsterite-fayalite solid solutions 4626. Temperature effects on THERMAL conductivity of calcite and aragonite 4727. THERMAL conductivity of single crystal halite showing temperature-pressure effects- 4828. Semilogarithmic plot of THERMAL conductivity against reciprocal temperature forfelsic minerals 5129. Semilogarithmic plot of THERMAL conductivity against reciprocal temperature formafic minerals 5230.

7 Specific heats of silica minerals, halite, and cordierite, per unit weight 7231. Specific heats of feldspars per unitweight 7332. Specific heats of certain pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas, per unit weight 7433. Specific heats of carbonates per unitweight 7534. Specific heats of olivines and iron oxides per unit weight 7635. Specific heats of aluminum silicates and apatite per unit weight 7736. Specific heats of water and steam per unit weight 7837. Specific heats of silica minerals, halite, and cordierite, per unit volume 79ill38. Specific heats of feldspars per unitvolume 8039. Specific heats of pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas per unit volume 8140.

8 Specific heats of carbonates per unitvolume 8241. Specific heats of oxides and olivine per unit volume 8342. Specific heats of aluminum silicates and apatites per unit volume 8443. Comparison of calculated with observed specific heats of six ROCKS 8644. Comparison of calculated with observed diffusivities of four ROCKS 89 TABLES1. THERMAL conductivity at 300 K and 5 MPa of selected igneous and metamorphic ROCKS 312. Anisotropy of THERMAL conductivity at 300 K and 5 MPa of metamorphic ROCKS 323. Activation energies and intercept conductivity constants of Boltzmann equation for conduction mechanisms in single crystal minerals 534. Rounded values of activation energies of mineral conduction mechanisms 565.

9 Rounded values of intercept conductivity constant of minerals 576. Miscellaneous THERMAL conductivities and their temperature effects 587. Effect of pressure on THERMAL conductivity of certain minerals and ROCKS 608. THERMAL conduction under vacuum - 639. THERMAL expansion and density of minerals 6610. THERMAL expansion of ROCKS for the temperature interval 20 C to 100 C 6911. Bulk density of common ROCKS 7012. Specific heats of common ROCKS 8713. Diffusivity and THERMAL inertia of commonrocks 9014. Heat transfer coefficients 9215. THERMAL conductivities of air and water 9416.

10 Characteristic thickness of stationary fluid layer for estimating heat transfer coeffients 9517. Radioactive heat generation in ROCKS 97 IVTHERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKSBy Eugene C. RobertsonABSTRACTAll the important THERMAL PROPERTIES of ROCKS can be estimated from the graphs and tables in this report. Most of the useful published data are summarized herein to provide fairly accurate evaluations of THERMAL coefficients and parameters of ROCKS for many engineering and scientific of the published data on common ROCKS and minerals were prepared to show the relationships of THERMAL conductivity with decimal solidity (one minus decimal porosity), water or air pore content, content of certain highly conducting minerals, and temperature. Tables are given of pressure effect on THERMAL conductivity of minerals and ROCKS , anisotropy of conductivity, THERMAL expansion, heat transfer, density, heat generation in ROCKS , and activation energies of conduction mechanisms in single crystals of minerals.