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This manual contains copyrighted material.

this manual contains copyrighted material .*FM 8-285*NAVMED P-5041*AFJMAN 44-149 FMFM 11-11 FIELD MANUALHEADQUARTERSNO. 8-285 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THENAVMED P-5041 NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE ANDAIR FORCE JOINT MANUALCOMMANDANT MARINE CORPSNO. 44-149 Washington, DC 22 December 1995 FLEET MARINE FORCE MANUALNO. 11-11iFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11iiFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11iiiFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11ivFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. Iranian-News Agency: As published in the April 1986 edition ofNuclear biological and chemical Defense and Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11 PREFACEP urposeThis manual serves as a guide and a reference for trained members of the Armed Forces Medical Services andother medically qualified personnel on the recognition and treatment of chemical agent casualties and conventionalmilitary chemical , this manual provides information on first aid (self.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. Iranian-News Agency: As published in the April 1986 edition of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Defense and Technology. 2. Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London SE16HZ.

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1 this manual contains copyrighted material .*FM 8-285*NAVMED P-5041*AFJMAN 44-149 FMFM 11-11 FIELD MANUALHEADQUARTERSNO. 8-285 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THENAVMED P-5041 NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE ANDAIR FORCE JOINT MANUALCOMMANDANT MARINE CORPSNO. 44-149 Washington, DC 22 December 1995 FLEET MARINE FORCE MANUALNO. 11-11iFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11iiFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11iiiFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11ivFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. Iranian-News Agency: As published in the April 1986 edition ofNuclear biological and chemical Defense and Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11 PREFACEP urposeThis manual serves as a guide and a reference for trained members of the Armed Forces Medical Services andother medically qualified personnel on the recognition and treatment of chemical agent casualties and conventionalmilitary chemical , this manual provides information on first aid (self-aid, buddy aid, andcombat lifesaver (CLS) aid) for these this manual (1) Classifies and describes chemical agents and other hazardous chemicals associated with militaryoperations.

2 (2) Describes how to diagnose and treat conventional military chemical injuries (that is, riot controlagents, smokes, incendiary agents, and other inhaled noxious industrial-type chemicals).(3) Describes procedures for recognizing chemical casualties (app A).(4) Describes procedures for first aid, medical treatment, and medical management of chemical casualties.(5) Describes measures for handling contaminated clothing and equipment (app B).(6) Describes medical management and treatment in chemical operations (app C).(7) Describes procedures for decontamination of the eyes and skin (app D).(8) Describes procedures for administering the Nerve Agent Antidotes, MARK I (NAAK) and convulsantantidote for nerve agent (CANA) (app E).

3 B. The manual is divided into two parts:(1) Part One, chemical Agent Casualties, covers the recognition and treatment of nerve agents,incapacitating agents, blister agents (vesicants), lung-damaging agents (choking agents), and blood agents(cyanogens) casualties.(2) Part Two, Conventional Military chemical Injuries, covers the recognition and treatment of injuriescaused by riot control agents, smokes, incendiary agents, and other noxious industrial-type The material in this manual is applicable to both the conventional battlefield and the integrated environmentof the battlefield. (For the purpose of this manual , the integrated environment is intended to mean warfareand/or contingency operations where nuclear, biological , and chemical (NBC) weapons/agents are being employedor have a high probability of being employed in addition to conventional weapons.)

4 Definitionsa. chemical is a chemical substance which, because of its physiological, psychological, orpharmacological effects, is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans(or animals) through its toxicological effects. Excluded are riot control agents, chemical herbicides, and smokeand flame materials. chemical agents may be nerve agents, incapacitating agents, blister agents (vesicants),lung-damaging agents, blood agents, and vomiting chemical Contamination. this is the deposition of chemical agents on personnel, clothing, equipment,structures, or contamination mainly consists of liquid, solid particles, and vapor hazards.(Vapor hazards are probably the most prevalent means of contaminating the environment.)

5 C. chemical Decontamination. this is the process of sufficiently reducing the hazard caused by chemicalagents in order to allow the mission to be can be done by individual servicemembers, unit decontamination teams, or chemical used methods for skin decontaminationinclude removal and/or chemical neutralization of agent(s) and clothing removal for medical examination; forequipment, the methods used are removal, destruction, covering, weathering, and chemical Persistence. chemical agents maybe divided into two main categories: persistent and nonpersistent.(1) Persistent agents, in a solid or liquid state, continue to present a hazard for considerable periods afterdelivery. They remain as a contact hazard and/or an inhalation hazard by very slowly vaporizing.

6 (2) Nonpersistent agents dissipate or vaporize rapidly after release and present an immediate shortduration hazard. These agents are released as aerosols, gases, vapors, liquids, or Physical agents cover the whole spectrum of physical properties. Theirphysical state may be aerosol, gaseous, liquid, or solid under normal conditions. Their vapor pressure (the forceviFM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11exerted by the vapor when in equilibrium with the liquid or solid at a given temperature) may be high ornegligible. Their vapor density varies from slightly lighter than air to considerably heavier than air. Their rangeof odors varies from none to highly may be soluble or insoluble in water, fats, or organicsolvents.

7 The physical characteristics may give an indication of the field behavior of the agents with regard tovapor hazard, persistency, decontamination methods required, and personal and subsistence protection Conventional Military Chemicals. These are chemical substances used within the military for day-to-dayoperations as well as in combat. Included in this group are chemical herbicides, insecticides, and smoke andincendiary Riot Control Agent. this is a chemical which produces transient effects that disappear within minutes ofremoval from exposure and very rarely require medical treatment. Riot control agents are effective in quellingcivil disturbances and, in some military operations, to preclude unnecessary loss of Noxious Chemicals.

8 Included in this category are gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides ofnitrogen, chlorine vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and a more comprehensive list of definitions, see Glossary, Section II, located in the back of this of Trade Names/Trademarks and Metric Measurementsa. Use of trade names or trademarks in this publication is for illustrative purposes only. Their use does notconstitute endorsement by the Department of Metric measurements used throughout this publication are approximate equivalents of the customary unitsof measure. They are provided for the convenience of the users of the CommentsUsers of this manual are encouraged to submit recommendations to improve the publication. Comments shouldbe keyed to the page, paragraph, and line(s) of the text where the change is recommended.

9 Reasons should begiven for each comment to ensure understanding and complete evaluation. The proponent for this publication isthe Army Medical Department Center and School (AMEDDC&S). Comments should be submitted on DAForm 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forwarded to: Commander,AMEDDC&S, ATTN: MCCS-FCD, Fort Sam Houston, Texas listed should be consulted for details beyond the scope of this 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11 PART ONECHEMICAL AGENT CASUALTIESCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1-1. The Threat of chemical WarfareAgents to Forcesa. chemical warfare (CW) agents (also referredto as chemical agents) remain a continuing threat forces through the 1990s. Delivery may beaccomplished by multiple means, causing extensiveinjury and , threatcommanders have regarded chemical weapons as apart of their conventional arsenal.

10 The ChemicalWeapons Convention (CWC), signed by 130 countriesin January 1993, will take many years to fullyimplement and to verify the destruction of knownchemical weapons stockpiles. Some countries withoffensive chemical warfare programs, like NorthKorea and Iraq, have not signed the CWC. In spite ofthe CWC and other diplomatic efforts, chemicalweapons will be available to threat forces in regionswhere forces may be In addition to established threat areas, manycountries have shown that chemical weapons arereadily ease of obtaining theseweapons greatly increases the complexity and extentof the total threat. For example, nonmilitary organo-phosphate insecticide factories may also be used toproduce nerve Some threat forces are well prepared to conductmilitary operations in a chemically contaminatedenvironment.


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