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1 this page intentionally left blank. Introduction to BASIC LEGAL CITATION PETER W. MARTIN 2020 Peter W. Martin i Table of Contents PREFACE 1-000. BASIC LEGAL CITATION: WHAT AND WHY? o 1-100. Introduction o 1-200. Purposes of Legal Citation o 1-300. Types of Citation Principles o 1-400. Levels of Mastery o 1-500. Citation in Transition o 1-600. Who Sets Citation Norms 2-000. HOW TO CITE .. o 2-100. Electronic Sources 2-110. Electronic Sources Core Elements 2-115. Electronic Sources Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-120. Electronic Sources Variants and Special Cases o 2-200. Judicial Opinions 2-210. Case Citations Most Common Form 2-215. Case Citations Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-220.

2 Case Citations Variants and Special Cases 2-225. Case Citations More Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations 2-240. Case Citations Conditional Items 2-250. Citing Unpublished Cases o 2-300. Constitutions, Statutes, and Similar Materials 2-310. Constitution Citations 2-320. Statute Citations Most Common Form 2-330. Statute Citations Conditional Items 2-335. Statute Citations Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-340. Statute Citations Variants and Special Cases Session Laws Bills Named Statutes Internal Revenue Code Uniform Acts and Model Codes 2-350. Local Ordinance Citations 2-360. Treaty Citations o 2-400. Agency and Executive Material 2-410.

3 Regulation Citations Most Common Form 2-415. Regulation Citations Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-420. Regulation Citations Variants and Special Cases 2-450. Agency Adjudication Citations 2-455. Agency Adjudication Citations Points of Difference in Citation Practice 2-470. Agency Report Citations 2-480. Executive Orders and Proclamations Most Common Form ii 2-490. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions Most Common Form o 2-500. Arbitration Decisions o 2-600. Court Rules o 2-700. Books 2-710. Book Citations Most Common Form 2-720. Book Citations Variants and Special Cases Institutional Authors Services Restatements Annotations o 2-800. Articles and Other Law Journal Writing 2-810.

4 Journal Article Citations Most Common Form 2-820. Journal Article Citations Variants and Special Cases Student Writing by a Named Student Unsigned Student Writing Book Reviews Symposia and the Like Tributes, Dedications and Other Specially Labeled Articles Articles in Journals with Separate Pagination in Each Issue o 2-900. Documents from Earlier Stages of the Same Case 3-000. EXAMPLES CITATIONS OF .. o 3-100. Electronic Sources o 3-200. Judicial Opinions 3-210. Case Citations Most Common Form Federal State 3-220. Case Citations Variants and Special Cases 3-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations 3-240. Case Citations Conditional Items o 3-300. Constitutions, Statutes, and Similar Materials 3-310.

5 Constitutions 3-320. Statute Citations Most Common Form 3-340. Statute Citations Variants and Special Cases Session Laws Bills Named Statutes Internal Revenue Code Uniform Acts and Model Codes 3-350. Local Ordinance Citations 3-360. Treaty Citations o 3-400. Regulations, Other Agency and Executive Material 3-410. Regulation Citations Most Common Form 3-420. Regulation Citations Variants and Special Cases 3-450. Agency Adjudication Citations 3-470. Agency Report Citations 3-480. Citations to Executive Orders and Proclamations iii 3-490. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions o 3-500. Arbitration Decisions o 3-600. Court Rules o 3-700. Books 3-710. Book Citations Most Common Form 3-720.

6 Book Citations Variants and Special Cases Institutional Authors Services Restatements Annotations o 3-800. Articles and Other Law Journal Writing 3-810. Journal Article Citations Most Common Form 3-820. Journal Article Citations Variants and Special Cases Student Writing by a Named Student Unsigned Student Writing Book Reviews Symposia and the Like 4-000. ABBREVIATIONS AND OMISSIONS USED IN CITATIONS o 4-100. Words in Case Names o 4-200. Case Histories o 4-300. Omissions in Case Names o 4-400. Reporters and Courts o 4-500. States o 4-600. Months o 4-700. Journals o 4-800. Spacing and Periods o 4-900. Documents from Earlier Stages of a Case 5-000. UNDERLINING AND ITALICS o 5-100.

7 In Citations o 5-200. In Text o 5-300. Citation Items Not Italicized 6-000. PLACING CITATIONS IN CONTEXT o 6-100. Quoting o 6-200. Citations and Related Text o 6-300. Signals o 6-400. Order o 6-500. Short Form Citations 6-520. Short Form Citations Cases 6-530. Short Form Citations Constitutions and Statutes 6-540. Short Form Citations Regulations 6-550. Short Form Citations Books 6-560. Short Form Citations Journal Articles o 6-600. Context Examples o 6-700. Tables of Authorities 7-000. REFERENCE TABLES o 7-100. Introduction iv o 7-200. Significant Changes in The Bluebook o 7-300. Cross Reference Table: The Bluebook o 7-400. Cross Reference Table: ALWD Guide to Legal Citation o 7-500.

8 Table of State-Specific Norms and Practices TOPICAL INDEX v PREFACE Contents | Index this work first appeared in 1993. It was most recently revised in October of 2019 to update the links to state rules and several other external resources. Like all prior revisions this one included a thorough review of the relevant rules of appellate practice of federal and state courts. The guide takes account of the latest editions of the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation (2017), The Bluebook, published in 2015, and The Supreme Court's Style Guide. Point-by-point, it is linked to the free citation guide, The Indigo Book. As has been true of all editions released since 2010, it is also indexed to the The Bluebook and the ALWD Guide. Importantly, however, it documents the many respects in which contemporary legal writing, very often following guidelines set out in court rules or local style guides, diverges from the citation formats specified by those academically produced and focused reference works.

9 The work's current online format, introduced in early 2016, was created with the assistance of students enrolled in a graduate software engineering course at Cornell. The content of this ebook version is conformed to the 2020 Web edition, located at: ,edu/citation/. It can be used on a variety of electronic devices and printed out, in whole or part, from some. A Few Tips on Using Introduction to Basic Legal Citation this is not a comprehensive citation reference work. Its limited aim is to serve as a tutorial on how to cite the most widely referenced types of legal material, taking account of local norms and the changes in citation practice forced by the shift from print to electronic sources. It begins with an introductory unit. That is followed immediately by one on "how to cite" the categories of authority that comprise a majority of the citations in briefs and legal memoranda.

10 Using the full table of contents one can proceed through this material in sequence. The third unit, organized around illustrative examples, is intended to be used either for review and reinforcement of the prior "how to" sections or as an alternative approach to them. One can start with it since the illustrative examples for each document type are linked back to the relevant "how to" principles. The sections on abbreviations and omissions, on typeface (italics and underlining), and on how citations fit into the larger project of legal writing that follow all support the preceding units. They are accessible independently and also, where appropriate, via links from the earlier sections. Finally, there are a series of cross reference tables tying this introduction to the two major legal citation reference works and to state-specific citation rules and practices.