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THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) PESTS OF …

54 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 118: 2005. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc . 118:54-61. 2005. THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) PESTS OF FLORIDA GRAPEFRUIT: BIOLOGY,SEASONAL AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, fruit DAMAGE AND MONITORING C ARL C. C HILDERS 1 * AND P HILIP A. S TANSLY 2 1 University of Florida, IFASE ntomology and Nematology DepartmentCitrus Research and Education Center700 Experiment Station RoadLake Alfred, FL 33850 2 Southwest Florida Research and Education Center2686 State Road 29 , FL 34142 Additional index words. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii , Danothrips tri-fasciatus , Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis , orchid THRIPS , green-house THRIPS , citrus Abstract.

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 118: 2005. 55 Material and Methods Thrips species and frequency data. Developing or mature clustered fruit, …

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Transcription of THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) PESTS OF …

1 54 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 118: 2005. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc . 118:54-61. 2005. THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) PESTS OF FLORIDA GRAPEFRUIT: BIOLOGY,SEASONAL AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, fruit DAMAGE AND MONITORING C ARL C. C HILDERS 1 * AND P HILIP A. S TANSLY 2 1 University of Florida, IFASE ntomology and Nematology DepartmentCitrus Research and Education Center700 Experiment Station RoadLake Alfred, FL 33850 2 Southwest Florida Research and Education Center2686 State Road 29 , FL 34142 Additional index words. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii , Danothrips tri-fasciatus , Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis , orchid THRIPS , green-house THRIPS , citrus Abstract.

2 The orchid THRIPS , Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moul-ton), Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura, and the greenhousethrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouch ) can cause rindblemish injuries to clustered grapefruit that are touching eachother. Red grapefruit varieties in Florida tend to produce moreinterior clustered fruit that increase the protective micro-envi-ronment for these pest THRIPS compared to white fruit can be rejected for the fresh market dependingon the extent of THRIPS -induced rind blemish. Any of the threethrips species are capable of causing rind blemish injury fromonset of clustered fruit contact beginning in early May until har-vest.

3 Adults as well as first and second instar larvae are feedingstages. Only H. haemorrhoidalis completes its entire life cyclewithin the tree canopy, either between touching fruit or betweenleaves or twigs and touching fruit . All three THRIPS species havealternate hosts in Florida, including various weed species with-in citrus groves. Effective insecticidal control options currentlylabeled for citrus are limited to Danitol sprayed at con-centrations of one pint per acre ( liters per ha) or chlorpy-rifos 4EC at five pints per acre ( liters per ha). Sticky trapsof 13 different colors or hues were tested at two citrus grovesites in Collier and Hendry County, Florida during 1994.

4 No C. orchidii , D. trifasciatus , or H. haemorrhoidalis adults werecollected from any of these traps. Scouting is essential to min-imize both fruit damage and insecticidal applications due to thelong period of potential vulnerability to THRIPS feeding. Threemonitoring methods including destructive clustered fruit sam-ples washed in 80% ethanol, visual inspection for adult thripspests between clustered fruit and nascent fruit damage by theorchid THRIPS complex were compared. Advantages and disad-vantages for each method are discussed. Plant feeding THRIPS species are capable of producing a va-riety of cosmetic injuries to various tree fruits, vegetables,flowers, or ornamental plants (Childers, 1997).

5 Includedamong these are the orchid THRIPS , Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton), Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura (no commonname), and the greenhouse THRIPS , Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouch ). The orchid THRIPS and the greenhouse THRIPS areknown PESTS of citrus and several other important horticultur-al commodities such as avocado in various countries includ-ing: Brazil, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Honduras,Australia, Taiwan, Egypt, Palestine, and Israel (Argov, 2003;Beattie and Jiang, 1990; Childers and Nakahara, unpub-lished; Jeppson, 1989; Medina Gaud, 1959; Rivnay, 1935;Smith et al., 1997) as well as in California and Florida(Childers and Frantz, 1994; Griffiths and Thompson, 1957;Jeppson, 1989; Thompson, 1939).

6 Several of these report therind blemish injuries characteristic of orchid THRIPS or green-house THRIPS feeding damage. In addition, rind blemish inju-ry on Florida grapefruit by the orchid THRIPS and thegreenhouse THRIPS have been verified with caging studies andfield observations for the two species, respectively (Childersand Achor, unpublished). Danothrips trifasciatus was collectedfor the first time within the continental United States on fruitof Citrus paradisi MacFadyen, in LaBelle, Hendry County,Florida, by Childers in October 1992 and identified by , USDA, ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,Beltsville, Maryland.

7 According to Sakimura (1975), D. trifas-ciatus is usually associated with the orchid THRIPS on varioushosts and has similar feeding habits. This species was previ-ously known only from Hawaii, Indonesia and the Caribbean(Bhatti, 1980; Sakimura, 1975). Danothrips trifasciatus hasbeen frequently associated with the orchid THRIPS on the plantgenus Anthurium . The genus Danothrips previously was knownonly from the Indo-Pacific region (Kudo, 1985).Beginning about 1990, several citrus growers in centraland southwest Florida began noticing a rind blemish problemprimarily on maturing fruit of red grapefruit varieties.

8 Whitegrapefruit varieties in Florida are less frequently damaged(Childers, unpublished data). The damage was characterizedby a brown ring or smooth russeting that occurred at points ofcontact between clustered fruit (Figs. 1A, B). Confusion wascreated when the blemish was incorrectly reported as citrusrust mite feeding injury in a trade magazine (Coleman, 1993).The orchid THRIPS was identified as the primary cause ofthe rind blemish damage to clustered fruit in Florida(Childers and Achor, unpublished). However, two otherthrips species, the greenhouse THRIPS and D. trifasciatus , werealso found in many of the samples and are capable of causingsimilar types of damage to clustered fruit (Childers andFrantz, 1994).

9 In addition, Lorsban and ethion + petroleumoil were identified as effective insecticides for control of thisthrips complex. Meanwhile, ethion is no longer labeled forcitrus but Danitol has been added to the insecticides recom-mended in the 2005 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide(Stansly et al., 2005). This paper elaborates on the known bi-ologies, host plants, seasonal and relative abundance of theorchid THRIPS complex and attempts to identify colors or huesthat attract one or more of these three THRIPS species. Also, sev-eral studies are summarized that rationalize the need for mon-itoring this pest THRIPS complex to minimize rind blemishdamage on grapefruit varieties as well as to reduce the num-ber of insecticide applications required for effective control.

10 The authors are grateful to the Florida Citrus Production Research Advi-sory Council for financial support of the project, to Duda & Sons, Inc., BerryCorporation, CPI, Silver Strand and Alico for their excellent collaborative ef-forts and to Jim Connor, Deanna Threlkeld, Bob Hoobin and Carmen Green(deceased) for their technical support. The manuscript benefited from sug-gestions by D. G. Hall and R. Stuart.*Corresponding author; e-mail: Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 118: Material and Methods THRIPS species and frequency data. Developing or matureclustered fruit , primarily red and white grapefruit varieties,were sampled between 1993 and 1998 to determine the fre-quencies of the three plant feeding THRIPS species.


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