TRADEMARKS ON BASE-METALTABLEWARE

1 Late 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarks onBritanniametal, iron, steel,copperalloysandsilver-platedgoods) ., pares,.EnvironmentCanadaParksServiceTRAD EMARKSONBASE-METALTABLEWARE.+.~t~ ,..,..'-TRADEMARKSONBASE-METALTABLEWAREL ate 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarksonBritanniametal ,iron,steel,copperalloysandsilver-plated goods)EILEENWOODHEADS tudies inArchaeology,ArchitectureandHistoryNati onalHistoricSitesParks ServiceEnvironmentCanada vailableinCanadathroughauthorizedbooksto re agentsandotherbookstores,orbymailfromthe CanadaCommunicationGroup,Publishing,Supp lyandServicesCanada,Ottawa,Ontario, theEnvironment,Ottawa,1991 Theopinionsexpressedin thisreportarethoseof theauthorand :SheilaAscroftDesktopProduction:SuzanneR ochetteCoverDesign:Rod WonTranslation.

2 DepartmentoftheSecretaryofStateParkspubl ishestheresultsof itsresearchinarchaeology,architecture, ,ParksService,En-vironmentCanada,1600 LiverpoolCourt,Ottawa,OntarioK1A :late 18thcenturytocirca1900(includingmarksonB ritanniametal,iron,steel,copperalloysand silver-platedgoods)(Studiesinarchaeology ,architectureandhistory,ISSN-0821-1027) cat. :Trademarksonbase-metaltablewarefrom thelate18thcenturyto ,"'" """WIll"'" "".,witfilii"'" ! ""filii""""" """""'"till"'"willwillwI"""..TABLEOFCONT ENTSINTRODUCTIONvAV ANT ..ixMODED'UTILISATIONDECEGUIDE..ixREFERE NCESxiREFERENCESxiINDEXTOLETTERS, ..329 Submittedforpublicationin1987byEileenWoo dhead,MaterialCultureResearch,ParksServi ce,EnvironmentCanada, ,DraftingUnit,ArchaeologicalResearchDivi sion,ParksService,EnvironmentCanada.

3 'fill' '"..,""..""..,WIIWIll., "".. ""..'"..'"..filii"'" ,..--.,..,.. ,..,..INTRODUCTIONO vertbepastdecadetbeMetalUnitof tbeMaterialCultureSection,ArcbaeologyRes earcbDivision,CanadianParksService,hasma intaineda aselectionofmarksonfilethatrelateprimari lytotablewareitems,from the late used ontablewareandotbersmallbardwaregoodsmad e inbasemetalsinGreatBritain,Germany, basprovento beusefultoresearcbersandarcbaeologistsfo ridentifyingtbeoriginandtbe daterangeoftablewareandrelatedmetalartif actsfrom thecontinuouscontroltbathasbeenappliedto preciousmetals, metalindustrieswereinvolved, tbemanufactureofdomesticgoodsincludedtbe ferrousmetals,ironandsteel,tinalloys(inc ludingpewter),andcopperalloyssucb as andsilverwere used badlocalregistriesofmarkskeptbytradeorga nizations.

4 TbeCutlers'CompanyofSbeffieldor fac-tors, someinstancesthere wouldbavebeenmoretban onemanufacturer,as in tbecaseof manyknivesinwhichthebladeswere madeby onemanufacturer,tbebandIesbyanotherand yetvAVANT-PROPOSAu sein de laDirectiondesrecbercbesarcheo-logiquesd uServicecanadiendespares,leGroupemetalde laSectiondesrecherchessurlaculturemateri elles' occupe,depuisladernieredecennie,d'undoss ierdereferencessurlespoinconsestam-pille ssur decertainsde cespoinconsretrouvesessentiel-lementsur lavaisselle,entrela fin lavaisselleet autrespetitsarticlesdequincailleriefabri quesenmetauxnonprecieuxenGrande-Bretagne ,enAllemagne,enFranceet auxEtats-Unis. Cedossiera permisauxcbercbeursetarcheo-loguesduServ icecanadiendesparesdepreciserI' origineet laperiodedefabricationde ' objetsenmetauxnonprecieuxn' ajamaisfaitl'objetducontrolestrictauquel aetesoumislesecteurdesmetauxprecieux,mem edansle cas duplacaged' ladiversitedesmetauxutilisespourlafabric ationde lavaisselle,plusieursentreprisesdifferen tessontconcernees,cbacunepossedantsespro presmethodesdefabri-cationet ,le fer et I'acier,lesalliagesde ferblanc(ycomprisl'etain)et lesalliagesdecuivre,tels lelaitonetl' ferblancet I' 'articlesenmetalenAngleterreou onconservaitdesregistresdespoinconspropr esauxcorpsdemetierslocaux:laCutlers'Comp anyofSbeffieldou pe utyavoireuplusd'unfabricant.

5 Pourdenombreuxa thirdmanufacturermay knives mayalsohavehadits ownregisteredmark. In theearly19thcentury,beforetherewas a viablesteelindustryinAmerica,knifeblades were oftenimportedfromGreatBritain,but thehandlesweremade even theoriginof the item the late 19thcenturymanyAmericanretailerscommissi onedsuchproductsfromwell-knownmanufactur ers,butappliedtheirowntradenames,as they do to ,andothersuchmanufacturingcomplexities,w ere commonthroughouttheperiodconcerned,but the mark on the finalproductusuallyprovidessomeindicatio nof thesourceof ,such as handtoolsandtableware,were inexistencefor a longperiodof time, using the samemark by firms withestablishedreputationswereboughtby asuccessorwhocontinuedtheiruse.

6 It mayappearthatthe same mark was used by more than onemanufactureruntilthedatesof the amarkhas been in use over aprolongedperiod,as it has in manyBritishfirms,thedatingof aparticularpiece may have to bedeterminedonstylisticgrounds,or on ananalysisofthemetalormetaltechnologyuse d in its basemetalswasimportedfromGreatBritain,Eu ropeor theUnitedStatesuntilthefinalyears of the done in a few of theseplants,much ofthe work was in thefinishingorplatingof itemsthatweremadein fewCanadiancompanies,whichmanufacturedst erlingsilvergoods,often made smallquantitiesofbasemetalitemsthat , les lames etantfabriqueespar une entre-prise et lesmanchespar une autre et la finition ou leplacage se faisant chez une troisieme.

7 Ledetaillantquivendait ces couteauxpouvaitegalementy apposer XIXesiecleavant quel'industriederacierne soit viable enAmerique, les lames de couteauxetaientsouventimporteesdeGrande- Bretagneet lesmanchesfabri-ques est doneparfoisdifficilededeterminerI' origined' fin du XIXesiecle,plusieursdetaillantsamericain scommandaientdesproduitsadesfabricantsbi en connus, puis yappliquaientleursproprespomcons,commece lasefaitencorede toutes ces com-plexites,frequentes au cours de laperiodeetudiee,lepoincon quiapparaitsur unarticledonnegenera-lement une bonneindicationde desentreprisesquifabriquaientdepetitsart iclesdequincaillerie,parexempledesoutils amain et de lavaisselle,etaientenactivitedepuislong temps etutilisaientle ou despoinconsutilisespar desentreprisesalareputationetablieaientc ontinued'etreutilises,memelorsquel'entre prisepassaitad' ilsembleque le memepomconpuisseavoireteutilisepar plusd'unfabricant,maisil suffitdecomparerlesperiodesd'activitedes deuxentreprisespourconstaterqu'ils nel'etaientjamaisen meme 'unpoincona eteutilisedurantuneperiodeprolongee,comm ec'estle casdansnombred'entreprisesbritanniques,l adatationd'unepiecedoitparfoisse faire enfonctiondescaracterisuquesstylistiques ,dumetalemploye,oude lavaisselleenmetauxnonprecieuxretrou-vee auCanadaaeteimporteede laGrande-Bretagne.

8 Del'Europeou desEtats-Unisjusqualatoute fin du desvillescan a-diennesaucoursdesannees1880. Bienqu'onaitpratiquela fonte et I'estampillagedansquelques-unes de cesusines,ellesservaientsurtoutala fini-tion et ,qui fabri-quaientdesarticlesenargentsterling ,produisaientsou vent aussi depetitesquantitesd' articlesenmetaux 'fIJ/JWIllwI' "'"..WIllwiI"'"""..'filii"" "'"'filiiwI""..fill'filiifill' "'"' 'filii"'"' '-Theexaminationofarchaeologicalmaterial andsourcedocumentssuch asretailers'recordsshowthatnearlyalltabl ewaregoods wereimportedfromGreatBritainuntil the 1870s. After the CivilWar,Americanmanufacturersbecamesucc essfulrivalsfor theCanadianmarket. During the 19thcentury,mostof thecommontablewaregoods weresoldthroughironmongersorhardwaremen, with thefinersilver-platedgoods to be found injewelryorwatchmakers' mail-orderhousessuppliedmany of these wares to theconsumertowardsthe end of often only a smallportionof thetotalproductionof many of thelargermanu-facturers,theentrieslisted in this work may alsoproveusefulinidentifyingmarks on other base-metalobjectssuch as edgetools,buildinghard-ware,householdute nsilsandtoiletryitems.

9 VuL'etudedesmateriauxarcheologiqueset de docu-ments comme lesregistresdesdetaillantsmontrequepresq uetoute lavaisselleetaitimporteedeGrande-Bretagn eavantlesannees1870. Apres laguerre deSecession,lesfabricantsamericainsde-vi ennentdesolidesconcurrentssur lemarchecana-dien. Au cours du XIXesiecle,lamajoritede lavaisselleordinairesevendaitchez lesferronniersoulesquincailliers,alorsqu e lesarticlesplaquesargentsetrouvaientchez lebijoutieroul' lesentreprisesde venteparla poste ont fourninombrede cesarticlesauxconsommateursvers la fin 'unefaiblepartiede laproductiontotaledeplusieursdesfabrican tslesplusimportants,lesrenseigne-mentsco ntenusdans lepresentouvragepeuventegalementetreutil espourlidentificationdes poin-consplacessur d'autresobjetsenmetauxnonprecieux,notamm entlesoutilstranchants,la quin-cailleriedebatiment,lesustensilesdo mestiquesetlesnecessairesdetoilette.

10 WIll"'""""'""'".""."""'"-wIIwIwIIwIIwII. ,..WIll., "'"wiIwI"""'".. "'" 'filii'filii"'".,.,..,..,..' ' '-'-\wHOWTOUSETHISGUIDEA llcompanynames,tradenames, words orlettersused inmarksarelistedinalphabeticalorder andcross-referencedwithillustrationsof the marks. Asmany of themarksarepictorial,or usegeometricforms ornumerals,twoadditionallists areprovidedthat arecross-referencedto thealphabeticalindex: alistoftrademarkswithnumbers,and apictoriallistorganizedalphabeticallybyd escriptionof the marks afourthindexfor thoseunidentifiablesymbolsthathavenot thefollowingmanner:KEY - the word orlettersused in the mark, or thekey word in the name of thecompanylisted .NAME - the full name of thecompanywrittenaccordingtohistoricalre ferencesand thename of thecompany' - thegeographiclocationof the company.