Traffic Loads on Road Bridges and Footbridges

1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop1 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsTraffic Loads Traffic Loads on road on road Bridges Bridges and and FootbridgesFootbridgesJeanJean--Armand Armand CalgaroCalgaroChairman Chairman of CEN/TC250of CEN/TC250EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop2 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges FOREWORDSECTION 1 GENERALSECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONSSECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONSSECTION 4 road Traffic ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONSSPECIFICALLY FOR road BRIDGESSECTION 5 ACTIONS ON FOOTWAYS, CYCLE TRACKSAND FOOTBRIDGESSECTION 6 SECTION 6 RAIL Traffic ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONSRAIL Traffic ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONSSPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGESSPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGESANNEX A (INFORMATIVE)ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE)MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FORMODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FORROAD BRIDGESROAD BRIDGESANNEX B (INFORMATIVE)ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE)

2 FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FORFATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FORROAD Bridges road Bridges ASSESSMENT METHODASSESSMENT METHODBASED ON RECORDED TRAFFICBASED ON RECORDED TRAFFICB russels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop3 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsGENERAL ORGANISATION FOR road BRIDGESGENERAL ORGANISATION FOR road BRIDGEST rafficTrafficloadloadmodelsmodels--Verti cal forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4 Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4--Horizontal forces : Horizontal forces : brakingbrakingandandaccelerationaccelera tion, , centrifugalcentrifugal, transverse, transverseGroups of Groups of loadsloads--gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5--characteristiccharacteristic, , frequentfrequentandandquasiquasi--perman ent valuespermanent valuesCombinationCombinationwithwithacti ons actions otherotherthanthantraffictrafficactions actions EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop4 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Field of application :Field of application.

3 Loadedloadedlengthslengthslesslessthanth an200 m (maximum 200 m (maximum lengthlengthtakentakenintointoaccountacc ountfor for thethecalibrationcalibrationof of thetheEurocodeEurocode For For veryverylong long loadedloadedlengthslengths, , seeseeNational National AnnexAnnex) ) LoadLoadModel Model NrNr. 1. 1 ConcentratedConcentratedandanddistribute ddistributedloadsloads(main model (main model general andgeneral andlocal local verificationsverifications))LoadLoadMode l Model NrNr. 2. 2 Single Single axleaxleload load (semi(semi--local local and and local local verificationsverifications))LoadLoadMode l Model NrNr. 3. 3 Set of Set of specialspecialvehicles vehicles ((general and general and local local verificationsverifications))LoadLoadMode l Model NrNr.

4 4. 4 CrowdCrowdloadingloading: 5 : 5 kNkN/m/m22((general verificationsgeneral verifications))LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATESLOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATESOTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATESOTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATESB russels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop5 EUROCODESB ackground and Applications Traffic Load Models Characteristic values Frequent values Quasi-permanent values road Bridges LM1 ( ) 1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for Traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see ). 1 week return period for Traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see ). Calibration in accordance with definition given in EN 1990. LM2 ( ) 1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for Traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see ).

5 1 week return period for Traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see ). Not relevant LM3 ( ) Set of nominal values. Basic values defined in annex A are derived from a synthesis based on various national regulations. Not relevant Not relevant LM4 ( ) Nominal value deemed to represent the effects of a crowd. Defined with reference to existing national standards. Not relevant Not relevant EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop6 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsCarriagewayCarriagewaywidthw idthwwwidthwidthmeasured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm measured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm recommended recommended value) or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systemsvalue)

6 Or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systemsEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop7 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsDivision of Division of thethecarriagewaycarriagewayintointonoti onalnotionallaneslanes1 1 LaneLaneNrNr. 1 (3m). 1 (3m)2 2 LaneLaneNrNr. 2 (3m). 2 (3m)3 3 LaneLaneNrNr. 3 (3m). 3 (3m)4 4 RemainingRemainingareaarea Carriageway width w Number of notional lanes Width of a notional lane lw Width of the remaining area mw4,5< 1=ln 3 m mw3 mwm64,5< 2=ln 2w 0 wm 6 =3wIntnl 3 m lnw 3 NOTE For example, for a carriageway width equal to 11m, 33= =wIntnl, and the width of the remaining area is 11 - 3 3 = 2m.

7 EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop8 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges TheThemain main loadloadmodel (LM1)model (LM1)qq1k1k= 9 = 9 kNkN/m/m22qq2k2k= 2,5 = 2,5 kNkN/m/m22qq3k3k= 2,5 = 2,5 kNkN/m/m22qqrkrk= 2,5 = 2,5 kNkN/m/m22qqrkrk= 2,5 = 2,5 kNkN/m/m22 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop9 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsTheThemain main loadloadmodel for road Bridges (LM1) : model for road Bridges (LM1) : diagrammaticdiagrammaticrepresentationre presentationFor For thethedeterminationdeterminationof of generalgeneraleffectseffects, , thethetandems tandems traveltravelcentrally alongcentrally alongthetheaxes of axes of notional lanesnotional lanesFor local For local verificationsverifications, a tandem , a tandem system system should beshould beapplied at the applied at the most unfavourablemost on tandems on adjacent adjacent notionalnotionallaneslanesare are takentakenintointoaccountaccount, , theytheymaymaybebebroughtbroughtclosercl oser, , thethedistance distance betweenbetweenaxlesaxlesbeingbeingnot not lesslessthanthan0,50 m 0,50 m EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels.

8 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop10 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsTheThemain main loadloadmodel (LM1)model (LM1)EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges ExampleExampleof values for of values for factorsfactors(National Annexes) (National Annexes) 11ststclass : international class : international heavy heavy vehicle trafficvehicle traffic22ndndclass : class : normalnormal heavy heavy vehicle trafficvehicle Traffic Classes 1Q 2 iQi 1q 2 iqi qr 1st class 1 1 1 1 1 2nd class 0,9 0,8 0,7 1 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop11 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsExamples of influence surfaces (transverse bending moment)

9 For a deck slabEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop12 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsExample of application of LM1 to the concrete slab of a composite bridgeEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop13 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsLoadLoadmodel model NrNr. 2 (LM2). 2 (LM2)1QQ =RecommendedRecommendedvaluevalue::(Nati onal (National AnnexAnnex))EN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop14 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsDispersal of Dispersal of concentratedconcentratedloadsloadsa) Pavement and concrete slaba) Pavement and concrete slab1 Wheel contact pressure1 Wheel contact pressure2 Pavement2 Pavement3 Concrete slab3 Concrete slab4 Middle surface of concrete 4 Middle surface of concrete slabslabb)

10 Pavement and orthotropic deck1 Wheel contact pressure2 Pavement3 Bridge floor4 Middle surface of the bridge floor5 Transverse memberEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop15 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsHORIZONTAL FORCES : HORIZONTAL FORCES : BrakingBrakingandandaccelerationaccelera tion((LaneLaneNrNr. 1 ). 1 )LwqQQkqkQk1111110,0)2(6,0 +=AkNQkNkQ9001801 A Q1Q1= = q1q1= 1= 1 QQlklk= 180 + 2,7L= 180 + 2,7 LFor 0 For 0 L L 1,2 m1,2 mQQlklk= 360 + 2,7L= 360 + 2,7 LFor L > 1,2 mFor L > 1,2 mEN 1991EN 1991--2 2 Traffic LoadsTraffic Loadson Bridgeson Bridges Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop16 EUROCODESB ackground and ApplicationsHORIZONTAL FORCES : HORIZONTAL FORCES : CentrifugalCentrifugalforcesforcesr : horizontal radius of r : horizontal radius of curvaturecurvatureof of thethecarriagewaycarriagewaycentrelinece ntreline[m][m]QQvv.