TRAINING COURSE ON WEATHER RADAR SYSTEMS

1 TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE (TSMS) WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) COMMISSION FOR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS (CIMO) OPAG ON CAPACITY BUILDING (OPAG-CB) EXPERT TEAM ON TRAINING ACTIVITIES AND TRAINING MATERIALS TRAINING COURSE ON WEATHER RADAR SYSTEMS MODULE A: INTRODUCTION TO RADAR MODULE B: RADAR HARDWARE MODULE C: PROCESSING BASICS IN DOPPLER WEATHER RADARS MODULE D: RADAR PRODUCTS AND OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS MODULE E: RADAR MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES MODULE F.

2 RADAR INFRASTRUCTURE TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE 12 16 SEPTEMBER 2005 WMO RMTC-TURKEY ALANYA FACILITIES, ANTALYA, TURKEY TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE (TSMS) WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) COMMISSION FOR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS (CIMO) OPAG ON CAPACITY BUILDING (OPAG-CB) EXPERT TEAM ON TRAINING ACTIVITIES AND TRAINING MATERIALS TRAINING COURSE ON WEATHER RADAR SYSTEMS MODULE A: INTRODUCTION TO RADAR ERCAN B Y KBA -Electronics Engineer O UZHAN REC -Electronics Engineer AYTA HAZER-Electronics Engineer SMA L TEM R-Mechanical Engineer ELECTRONIC OBSERVING SYTEMS DIVISION TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE 12 16 SEPTEMBER 2005 WMO RMTC-TURKEY ALANYA FACILITIES, ANTALYA, TURKEY MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 1 MODULE A: INTRODUCTION TO RADAR MODULE B: RADAR HARDWARE MODULE C.

3 PROCESSING BASICS IN DOPPLER WEATHER RADARS MODULE D: RADAR PRODUCTS AND OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS MODULE E: RADAR MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES MODULE F: RADAR INFRASTRUCTURE MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 2 MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 3 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 FIGURE LIST 4 TABLE LIST 5 ABBREVIATIONS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 9 A Few Words on that COURSE 9 A Few Words on WEATHER Radars

4 10 2 RADAR THEORY 12 The History of RADAR 12 Basic RADAR Terms 14 Operation Principle of Radars 16 RADAR Equation 17 How to Derive RADAR Equation 19 Block Diagram of a RADAR 31 3 PROPAGATION OF EM WAVES 34 Electromagnetic Spectrum 34 Electromagnetic Waves 36 Polarization 37 Refraction 40 Refractive Index 41 Curvature 42 4 RADAR TYPES 44 Monostatic Radars 44 Bistatic Radars 44 Air Surveillance Radars 45 3-D Radars 46 Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) 46 Continuous Wave Radars 46 FM-CW Radars 46 Moving Target Indication Radars 47 Pulse Radars 47 Doppler Radars 47 WEATHER Radars 49 Polarimetric Radars 50 Terminal Doppler WEATHER Radars (TDWR)

5 51 Wind Profiler Radars 51 Mobile Radars 53 5 REFERENCES 54 MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 4 FIGURE LIST FIGURE 1: First RADAR Patent 14 FIGURE 2: Natural RADAR 16 FIGURE 3: Flux at Distance R 19 FIGURE 4: Flux at Distance R with Gain 19 FIGURE 5: Incident Power Flux Density from a Directive Source 20 FIGURE 6: Power Back Scattered from Target with Cross Section 20 FIGURE 7: Flux Back Scattered from Target at RADAR 21 FIGURE 8: Received Power at RADAR 22 FIGURE 9: Antenna Aperture and Gain 22 FIGURE 10: RADAR Pulses 24 FIGURE 11: RADAR Main Beam and Pulse Volume 24 FIGURE 12: Form of Transmit and Received Signal 25 FIGURE 13: Pulse Volume 26 FIGURE 14: Basic RADAR Diagram 31 FIGURE 15: Block Diagram of RADAR 33 FIGURE 16.

6 Electromagnetic Spectrum 34 FIGURE 17: The Relation between Frequency and Wavelength 35 FIGURE 18: Electromagnetic Spectrum and Band Names 35 FIGURE 19: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 37 FIGURE 20: Linear Polarization 39 FIGURE 21: Circular Polarization 39 FIGURE 22: Elliptical Polarization 40 FIGURE 23: Refraction Models and Non-Refraction Models 41 FIGURE 24: Air Surveillance Radars 45 FIGURE 25: Some Wind Profilers 51 FIGURE 26: Mobile Radars 53 MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 5 TABLE LIST TABLE 1: Some Nomenclature 15 TABLE 2: Band Designation, Nominal Frequency and Wavelengths 36 MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 6 ABBREVIATIONS: 2-D : Two Dimensional 3-D : Three Dimensional EM : Electromagnetic FM-CW.

7 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave TDWR : Terminal WEATHER Doppler RADAR MTI : Moving Target Indication TSMS : Turkish State Meteorological Service CIMO : Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations OPAG : Open Programme Area Groups OPAG-CB/C1 : Open Programme Area Groups on Capacity Building RADAR : Radio Detecting and Ranging RDF : Radio Direction Finding Hz : Hertz KHz : Kilohertz MHz : Megahertz GHz : Gigahertz BW : Bandwidth PRF : Pulse Repetition Frequency PRT : Pulse Repetition Time RF : Radio Frequency mW : Milliwatt KW : Kilowatt MW : Megawatt Sec.

8 : Second sec. : Microsecond cm : Centimetre Pt : Peak Transmitted Power Pavg : Average Power Pr : Received Power Ps : Backscattered Power Fs : Backscattered Power Flux G : Gain dB : Decibel dBm : Decibel Milliwatt dBZ : Logarithmic Scale for Measuring RADAR Reflectivity Factor c : Speed of light f : Frequency : Wavelength Z : Reflectivity Factor of the Precipitation L : Loss Factor of the RADAR K : Dielectric Constant H : Pulse Length of the RADAR R : Target Range of the Precipitation A-Scope : A Diagnostic and Control Utility to Test RADAR and Signal Processor PPI : Plan Position Indicator RHI : Range Height Indicator STALO : Stable Oscillator COHO : Coherent Oscillator MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 7 IF : Intermediate Frequency HF : High Frequency UHF : Ultra High Frequency VHF : Very High Frequency ITU : International Telecommunication Union E : Electric Field H : Magnetic Field hPa : Hectopascal CW : Continuous Wave ASR.

9 Air Surveillance Radars SAR : Synthetic Aperture RADAR ISAR : Inverse Synthetic Aperture RADAR RASS : Radio Acoustic Sounding System MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 8 MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR TURKEY RADAR TRAINING / ALANYA 2005 9 1. INTRODUCTION A Few Words on that COURSE Recently, Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) started a modernization program of observing SYSTEMS including WEATHER radars.

10 So a great knowledge have been transferred to the staff of TSMS by means of installation high technology WEATHER radars, getting TRAINING courses from RADAR manufacturers and international experts both on operation/interpretation and maintenance/calibration of WEATHER radars. As a result of those very important activities, TSM