Units & Conversions Fact Sheet

1 Derek Supple Units & Conversions Fact Sheet MIT Energy Club Prefixes Mass Distance Volume 1 kg = lb 1 cm = in 1 L = gal = 1000 cm3 (ml). Metric pico (p) = 10-12 1 lb = g = 16oz 1 m = ft = yd 1 m3 = 1000 L = ft3 = 264 gal nano (n) = 10-9 1 metric tonne = 1,000kg = 2,205lb 1 km = mi = 199 rod 1 gal = L = 4 qt = 16 c = 128 oz micro ( ) = 10-6 1 US short ton = 907kg = 2,000lb 1 mi = 1 ft3 = cf = L = gal deca (da) = 101 1 UK long ton = 1,016kg = 2,239lb 1 smoot = m = ft 1 bbl = 42 gal = 159 L = ft3. kilo (k) = 103 1 cord = 128 ft3 = m3. mega (M) = 106 Temperature Area F = C + 32 1 m2 = ft2 1 ac-ft = 43560 ft3 = 325,851 gal giga (G) = 109. tera (T) = 1012 K = ( F 32) 5/9 + 2 2. 1 km = mi = 10 m 6 2 1 km3 = mi3 = 810,713 acre-ft 3. peta (P) = 1015 Time 1 ha = 104 m2 = .01 km2 = ac 1 bu = 4 pck = 8 gal = L = 2,150 in exa (E) = 1018 1 mi2 = km2 = 640 ac Flow Rates zetta (Z) = 1021 3,600 sec/hour 730 hour/month 1 ac = 4,047 m2 = 43,560 ft2 1mbd = 1 Mbbl/day = Ggal/yr day/year 8,766 hour/year Pressure = bbl/min = bbl/sec Roman 31,536,000 sec/year m = 103 1 MPa =.

2 1bar = = 145psi = gal/sec Fuel Economy 1 ft 3/s = 641 bbl/hr = 449 gal/min (gpm). mm = 106 1atm = bar = 760 mmHg 1mpg = km/L. quad = 1015 = psi = ton/m3 1 bbl oil/day 50 metric ton oil/yr mpg = L/100 km 1 gpm = L/s = ac-ft/day Energy Unit Conversion Density 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2 = cal = ft-lb Water = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1 kg/L = 1 metric tonne/m3. 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = KJ = Btu Air at Sea Level = kg/m3. 1 KJ = Cal = Btu Btu Crude Oil = ( ) kg/L = lb/gal = 140 kg/bbl 1 Btu = 1, J = kcal Gasoline = kg/L = lb/gal 1 kWh = MJ = 3,412 Btu; (1 MWh = GJ = mmBtu) Diesel = kg/L = lb/gal; Biodiesel = kg/L. 1 mmBtu = 106 Btu = GJ = 1 decatherm Ethanol = kg/L = lb/gal 1 mcf nat. gas (LHV) = therm = mmBtu = GJ Methanol = kg/L = lb/gal 1 toe = GJ = mmBtu = MWh = Nat. Gas = kg/m3 = lb/mft3. 1 tce = GJ = mmBtu = MWh CNG @ 20 MPa= kg/L = lb/ft3 = lb/gge 1 Quad = 1015 Btu = EJ = 293 TWh = Mtoe=.974 TCF LPG (propane) = kg/L = lb/ft3. 1 EJ = 109 GJ = 1018 J =.

3 95 Quad Hydrogen = kg/L (35 MPa); kg/m3 (STP). 1 TWyr = EJ = Quad Coal kg/L = 1230 metric ton/ha-m = 1800 sht ton/acre-foot Energy Content (Lower Heating Values) (ton = metric tonne) API Gravity = ( [Density in g/cm3 at 60 F]) - Light Crude API > ; Heavy API < ; Bitumen API ~ 8 . Crude Oil = GJ/bbl = mmBtu/bbl = mmBtu/ton = MJ/gal = MJ/L = MJ/kg (GJ/ton) Power Unit Conversion Gasoline = MJ/gal (= MJ/L = MJ/kg = 115 mBtu/gal) 1 W = 1 J/s = kJ/hour = MJ/year Diesel = MJ/gal (= MJ/L = MJ/kg = 128 mBtu/gal) 1 kW = hp = 738ft-lb/s Biodiesel = MJ/gal (= MJ/L = MJ/kg = 121 mBtu/gal) 1 hp = W = Btu/s Ethanol = MJ/gal (= MJ/L = MJ/kg = 76 mBtu/gal) 1 TW = 1012 W = EJ/year Methanol = MJ/gal (= MJ/L = MJ/kg = 57 mBtu/gal) 1 ton-refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min = kW. UN Standard Coal = 30 GJ/ton Historic US Retail Prices (US2000$/GJ). Bituminous = 27-30 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 25-28 mmBtu/ton 60. Sub-Bitum. = 20-26 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 19-24 mmBtu/ton 45.

4 Lignite = 10-19 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 9-18 mmBtu/ton $/GJ. Nat Gas @ STP = MJ/kg = MJ/m3 = 1027 Btu/ft3 30. CNG @ 20 MPa = MJ/kg = MJ/L = mBtu/ft3 15. H2 @ 35 MPa (HHV) = MJ/kg = MJ/L = mBtu/ft3 0. LPG @ MPa = MJ/gal = MJ/L = mBtu/ft3 eO. il Co a l Ga s G lin e no l ge n In d . Re s. al CN so a dro Air-Dried Wood(20% Moisture Content) = 15 GJ/ton Cr ud us tur Ga Eth Hy icit y icit y no Na ctr ctr mi Ele Bit u Ele Uranium = 80 GJ/g fissioned = 400 GJ/kg mined (fn'd =.5% mn'd). Energy of Familiar Phenomena/Society Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Factors Quart of Boiling Water = 3 MJ 1 wooden match = 1 Btu Note: 44/12 or ton CO2 emissions per ton C emissions Melt 1 lb Ice = 151 kJ = 143 Btu Natural Gas = 121 lb/mcf = lb/mmBtu = kg/GJ. 1-GWe Plant running 24 hrs = 260 TJ Gasoline = lb/gal = lb/mmBtu = kg/GJ. Daily Human Metabolism = 2500 kCal/day = 120 W Diesel = lb/gal = lb/mmBtu = kg/GJ. Compact Passenger Car at steady 60 mph: Bt. Coal = 4,931 lb/sht ton = lb/mmBtu = kg/GJ.

5 Chem. Energy Consumption = 70 kW = 94 hp Petrol Coke = lb/gal = lb/mmBtu = kg/GJ. Mech. Energy Production = 15 kW = 20 hp Electric US Av = lb/kWh = ton/MWh = kg/GJ. '05 US Oil Use = Mbpd = Gbbl/yr = 238 bbl/sec Coal-fired Elec = lb/kWh = .95 kg/kWh = 260 kg C/MWh '05 Global Oil Use = Mbpd = Gbbl/yr = bbl/sec Global Warming Potential (GWP) ( = 100yr). '05 US Primary Energy Use TW 105 EJ/yr 100 quad/yr CO2 = 1 CH4 = 23 N2O = 296 SF6 = 22,200. '05 Global 16 TW 504 EJ/yr 480 quad/yr HFCs = 12 - 12,000 PFCs = 5,700 - 11,900. Solar Influx at Earth Surface 100 PW = YJ/yr = 200 W/m2. Rules of Thumb 1 Btu = 1,055 J 1 gallon gasoline equivalent (gge) =. 121 MJ = 115,000 Btu = 1 kg H2 = gal EtOH. 1 kWh = MJ = 3,412 Btu 1 million barrel oil per day (mbd) =. 1 hp = 746 W 486 gal/sec = = 4232 metric ton C/yr 1 TW 30 Quad/yr 32 EJ/yr (44/12) ton CO2 per ton C. 1 Quad = 1015 Btu EJ 25 Mtoe 300 TWh tcf natural gas Sources This Sheet was compiled based on several other useful fact sheets and online resources: Holdren, J.

6 And H. Lee (2006) ENR302 Course Notes: Some Units Constants, and Conversions and Energy of Familiar Phenomena . International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Statistics Unit Converter Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Kid's Page Energy Calculator BP plc, Statistical Review of World Energy 2006, Conversion Factors EIA AER Other Physical Conversion Factors . DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) Fuel Properties Table Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Bioenergy Program, Conversion Factor Reference United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and Tomorrow . ICF Consulting (1999) Emission Factors, Global Warming Potentials, Unit Conversions , Emissions, and Related Facts.. North Caroline Department of Environment, Division of Pollution Prevention. Other Physical Property (LHV, Density, Emission Factor) Data Sources Wang, Michael Q. (2006) The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET).

7 Model. Version Farrell, et al. (2005) EBAMM Release Brown, D., J. Gillette, B. James, et al. (2006) Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) Project model version , Physical Property Data Weiss, M. A., J. B. Heywood, et al. (2000). On the Road in 2020, a Life-Cycle Analysis of New Automobile Technologies. Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energy Laboratory. MIT EL 00-003 RP. Hong, and Slatick (1994) Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal. Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report. EIA, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program, Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Houghton, , Ding, Y., Griggs, , Noguer, M., van der Linden, , Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 881pp.

8 Technical Summary. Section C6.. #c6. Historic Price Range Data Sources EIA (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005 and Monthly Energy Review EIA Petroleum Navigator EIA Coal News and Markets Bloomberg Energy Market Data State of Nebraska Energy Statistics