Urdu alphabet - MarkFoster.NET

1 urdu alphabet1 urdu alphabetUrdu alphabet Example of writing in the urdu alphabet : UrduTypeAbjadLanguagesUrdu, Balti, Burushaski, othersParent systemsProto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Nabataean Arabic Perso-Arabic Urdualphabet Unicode rangeU+0600 to U+06FF [1]U+0750 to U+077F [2]U+FB50 to U+FDFF [3]U+FE70 to U+FEFF [4] urdu alphabet Extended Perso-Arabic script History Diacritics Hamza Numerals NumerationThe urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet , which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet .

2 With 38 letters and no distinct letter cases, the urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nasta'liq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of urdu into Roman letters (called Roman urdu ) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with urdu , Persian, or Arabic for letters such as urdu alphabet2 or and Hindi for letters such as.

3 [citation needed]HistoryThe urdu language emerged as a distinct register of Hindustani well before the Partition of India, and it isdistinguished most by its extensive Persian influences (Persian having been the official language of the Mughalgovernment and the most prominent lingua franca of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries prior to thesolidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century). The standard urdu script is a modified version of thePerso-Arabic script, expanded to accommodate the phonology of Hindustani.

4 Despite the invention of the Urdutypewriter in 1911, urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known askatibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdunewspaper to use Nasta liq computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticatedand user-friendly urdu support on computers and the internet. Nowadays, nearly all urdu newspapers, magazines,journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various urdu software programs.

5 Apart from being themore or the less Persianate, urdu and Hindi are mutually 'liqThe Nasta'liq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of scripts Naskh and Ta'liq. After the Mughalconquest, Nasta'liq became the preferred writing style for urdu . It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urduwriters elsewhere in the world use it. Nasta'liq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh list of the letters of the urdu alphabet and their pronunciation is given below. urdu contains many historicalspellings from Arabic and Persian, and therefore has many irregularities.

6 The Arabic letters yaa and haa both havetwo variants in urdu : one of the yaa variants is used at the ends of words for the sound [e ], and one of the haavariants is used to indicate the aspirated consonants. The retroflex consonants needed to be added as well; this wasaccomplished by placing a small (t ' ) above the corresponding dental consonants. Several letters which representdistinct consonants in Arabic are conflated in Persian, and this has carried over to urdu . This is the list of the Urduletters, giving the consonant pronunciation. Some of these letters also represent vowel alphabet3 The urdu alphabet , with names in the Devanagari and Latin of letterTranscriptionIPA1 alif , ', / /, / /, / /2 b b/b/3 p p/p/4 t t/t /5 / /6 s/s/7 j mj/d /8 c c/t /9 ba h h/h/, / /10 x x/x/11 d ld/d /12 l / /13 lz/z/14 r r/r/15 / /16 z z/z/17 zh/ /18 s ns/s/19 nsh/ /20 u' ds/s/21 u' dz/z/22 ' t/t/ urdu alphabet423 ' z/z/24 ain , , , ',/ /, /o /, /e /, / /, / /, / /25 aingh/ /26 f f/f/27 q fq/q/28 k fk/k/29 g fg/ /30 l ml/l/31 m mm/m/32 n nn/n/, / /, / / or / /33 w ' w, u, , au or / /, / /, /o /.

7 / / or /u /34 ch h h/h/ or / /35 d chashm h h/ / or / /36 hamzah', / /, / /37 ch y y, /j/ or /i /38 ba y ai or / /, or /e /VowelsVowels in urdu are represented by letters that are also considered consonants. Many vowel sounds can berepresented by one letter. Confusion can arise, but context is usually enough to figure out the correct chartThis is a list of urdu vowels found in the initial, medial, and final / /a /i/ / /i /u/ / /u / /e /ai/ / /o /au/ / urdu alphabet5 Short vowelsShort vowels ("a", "i", "u") are represented by marks above and below a zabarba/ / zerbi/ / peshbu/ /AlifAlif ( ) is the first letter of the urdu alphabet , and it is used exclusively as a vowel.

8 At the beginning of a word, alifcan be used to represent any of the short vowels, ab, ism, urd . Also at the beginning, an alif ( )followed by either w 'o ( ) or ye ( ) represents a long vowel sound. However, w 'o ( ) or ye ( ) alone at thebeginning represents a also has a variant, call alif madd ( ). It is used to represent a long " " at the beginning of a word, p, dmi. At the middle or end of a word, long is represented simply by alif ( ), b t, r ' W ' is used to render the vowels " ", " ", "u" and "au" ([u ], [o ], [ ] and [ ] respectively), and it is also used torender the labiodental approximant, [ ].

9 YeYe is divided into two variants: cho ye and ba i ye ( ) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel " " and the consonant "y".Ba ye ( ) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" (/e / and / / respectively). Ba ye is distinguished in writingfrom cho ye only when it comes at the end of a of specific lettersRetroflex lettersRetroflex consonants were not present in the Persian alphabet , and therefore had to be created specifically for was accomplished by placing a superscript (to'e) above the corresponding dental [ ] l[ ] [ ] urdu alphabet6Do chashm heThe letter do chashm he ( ) is used in native Hindust n words, for aspiration of certain consonants.

10 The aspiratedconsonants are sometimes classified as separate letters, although it takes two characters to represent bh [b ] ph [p ] th [t ] h [ ] jh [d ] ch [t ] dh [d ] h [ ] h [ ] kh [k ] gh [ ]Uddin and Begum urdu -Hindustani RomanizationUddin and Begum urdu -Hindustani Romanization is another system for Hindustani. It was proposed by Syed FasihUddin (late) and Quader Unissa Begum (late). As such is adopted by The First International urdu Conference(Chicago) 1992, as "The Modern International Standard Letters of alphabet for urdu -(HINDUSTANI) - TheINDIAN Language script for the purposes of hand written communication, dictionary references, published materialand Computerized Linguistic Communications (CLC)".