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Via Afrika Agricultural Sciences - Lebowakgomo …

Via AfrikaAgricultural SciencesGrade 12 Study GuideContentsIntroduction to Agricultural Sciences ..1 Topic 1 Animal nutrition and digestion ..2 Unit 1 Animal nutrition ..3 Unit 2 Digestion in non-ruminants and ruminants ..6 Unit 3 All about feed and feed flow planning ..12 Topic questions ..32 Topic 2 Animal production ..35 Unit 1 Animal production systems ..36 Unit 2 Animal shelter ..39 Unit 3 Behaviour and handling of farm animals ..45 Topic questions ..53 Topic 3 Animal reproduction ..55 Unit 1 The male reproductive system ..56 Unit 2 The female reproductive system ..61 Unit 3 Natural mating and other forms of reproduction.

Topic 5 Basic agricultural genetics..... 111. Unit 1 Basic genetic concepts..... 112

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Transcription of Via Afrika Agricultural Sciences - Lebowakgomo …

1 Via AfrikaAgricultural SciencesGrade 12 Study GuideContentsIntroduction to Agricultural Sciences ..1 Topic 1 Animal nutrition and digestion ..2 Unit 1 Animal nutrition ..3 Unit 2 Digestion in non-ruminants and ruminants ..6 Unit 3 All about feed and feed flow planning ..12 Topic questions ..32 Topic 2 Animal production ..35 Unit 1 Animal production systems ..36 Unit 2 Animal shelter ..39 Unit 3 Behaviour and handling of farm animals ..45 Topic questions ..53 Topic 3 Animal reproduction ..55 Unit 1 The male reproductive system ..56 Unit 2 The female reproductive system ..61 Unit 3 Natural mating and other forms of reproduction.

2 67 Unit 4 Fertilisation and 5 The birth process (parturition) ..74 Unit 6 Lactation ..77 Topic questions ..80 Topic 4 Animal health and diseases ..83 Unit 1 Animal health ..84 Unit 2 Animal diseases ..88 Unit 3 Parasites in farm animals ..98 Unit 4 Plant and metallic salt poisoning ..105 Topic questions ..108 Topic 5 Basic Agricultural genetics ..111 Unit 1 Basic genetic concepts ..112 Unit 2 Patterns of inheritance ..117 Unit 3 Variation and mutation ..119 Unit 4 Selection and breeding ..122 Unit 5 Genetic modification ..126 Topic questions ..131 Topic 6 Agric-economic production factors ..135 Unit 1 Land as an agric-production factor.

3 136 Unit 2 Labour as an agric-production factor ..139 Unit 3 Capital as an agric-production factor ..143 Unit 4 Management as an agric-production factor ..149 Topic questions ..156 Topic 7 Agricultural marketing ..159 Unit 1 What is Agricultural marketing? ..160 Unit 2 Agricultural marketing systems ..168 Topic questions ..176 Topic 8 Agricultural entrepreneurship and business planning ..179 Unit 1 Agricultural entrepreneurship ..180 Unit 2 Agri-business plan ..182 Topic questions ..187 Answers to Topic questions ..191 Via Afrika Publishers Agricultural Sciences 12 Study Guide eBook1 Introduction to Agricultural SciencesAgricultural Sciences is the study of the relationship between soils, plants and animals in the production and processing of food, fibre, fuel and other Agricultural commodities that have an economic, aesthetic and cultural value.

4 Agricultural Sciences is an integrated science. It combines knowledge and skills from Physical Sciences , Life Sciences , Social Sciences , Earth Sciences , Engineering, Mathematics and Economics. This subject must be seen within the holistic science framework rather than as an isolated Agricultural Sciences you will: develop an awareness of the management and care of the environment, natural resources and the humane treatment of animals through application of science and related technology develop problem-solving mechanisms within the contexts of Agricultural production, processing and marketing practices be aware of the social and economic development of the society at large through personal development in commercial and subsistence farming enterprises become informed and responsible citizens in the production of Agricultural commodities.

5 Caring for the environment and addressing social justice issues be aware of Agricultural indigenous knowledge and practices through understanding Agricultural Sciences in historical and social contexts. Rationale for Agricultural SciencesThe interdependence of people and natural resources and the increasing demand on the latter has led to a need for proper utilisation, management and conservation of Agricultural and natural resources. Relevant education at secondary school levels can contribute to meeting these demands in a sustainable way. An appreciation and awareness of the importance of natural resources and a responsibility towards their preservation should be fostered from an early age through the Natural Sciences learning fulfil the increasing demand for food and fibre and to meet the aspirations of communities, the acquisition of relevant knowledge, skills.

6 Attitudes and values is of vital Via Afrika Publishers Agricultural Sciences 12 Study Guide eBook2 Topic1 OverviewAnimal nutrition and digestionAnimal digestion and nutritionAnimal nutritionTOPIC 1 Page 2 UNIT 1 Page 3 Digestion in non-ruminants Digestion in ruminants Digestion in the rumen Components of feed Digestibility of feed Quality of feed: biological value of proteins Energy value of feed Nutritive value and nutritive ratio Types of feed Subdivision of feeds Feed supplements Planning a feed flow programme The alimentary canal Functions and adaptations of various structures of the alimentary canal The internal structure of the ruminant alimentary tractDigestion in non-ruminants and ruminantsUNIT 2 Page 6 All about feed and feed flow planningUNIT 3 Page 12 UnitXX Via Afrika Publishers Agricultural Sciences 12 Study Guide eBook3 Unit11 The alimentary canalThe alimentary canal is the passage along which food passes through the body.

7 The canal contains a series of organs of the body involved in digestion. The alimentary canal also absorbs water and excretes parts of food that cannot be digested. The external structure of the alimentary canal of ruminants and non-ruminants is different. Alimentary canal of a ruminant: External structure Cows and sheep are examples of ruminants. Their alimentary canal consists of the following organs: mouth, oesophagus, forestomach, the abomasum and the large intestine. Figure 1 The external structure of the alimentary canal of a cow (ruminant)Alimentary canal of non-ruminants: External structureThe main difference between the structure of the alimentary canal of ruminants and non-ruminants is that non-ruminants do not have forestomachs.

8 The alimentary canal of a pigThe pig is a typical non-ruminant. It has a true stomach and no forestomach ( it has no rumen, reticulum or omasum). The alimentary tract contains these organs: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and the small intestine (it can be sub-divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum). Animal nutritionDIGESTION IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH FOOD IS TAKEN IN AND PROCESSED TO TURN IT INTO BASIC NUTRIENTS THAT CAN BE ABSORBED INTO THE bonelarge intestinesmall intestineUnit1 Via Afrika Publishers Agricultural Sciences 12 Study Guide eBook4 Figure 2 The external structure of the alimentary canal of a pig (non-ruminant)Figure 3 The external structure of the alimentary canal of a fowl (non-ruminant)The alimentary canal of a fowlThe chicken is a non-ruminant so it does not have a forestomach.

9 Instead, the oesophagus and stomach are modified to process the kind of food that fowls consume. The digestive tract of the chicken contains these organs: mouth, oesophagus, crop, stomach or gastric complex (divided into two distinct compartments, called the proventriculus and the gizzard), small intestine and large intestine. The differences in the external structure of the alimentary canal of non-ruminants and ruminants is summarised in the table on the next intestinesmall intestinemouthlarynx andtracheaoesophaguspharynxpancreaspancr eatic ductduodenumjejunumsmall coloncaecumileumcommonbile ductgall bladderliverstomachlarge colonanusrectumsmall intestineoesophagusliverpancreasduodenum caecumsrectumcloacalargeintestinegizzard croplarynxUnit1 Via Afrika Publishers Agricultural Sciences 12 Study Guide eBook52 Internal structure of the ruminant alimentary tract The alimentary tract of a ruminant is made up of the rumen, the reticulum.

10 The omasum, the abomasum and the small intestine. This tract has some special internal modifications to assist digestion. These modifications can be seen in the structure of each organ. Internal structure of the rumen: The inside wall of the rumen is covered with small, tongue-like protrusions or papillae that can be seen with the naked eye. These papillae are specially adapted to absorb the breakdown products of microbial digestion, which are mainly volatile fatty acids. The papillae develop when the young ruminant begins to feed on forage and grain. Internal structure of the reticulum: The reticulum has a distinctive honey-comb appearance that helps to form fibrous food, such as grass, into lumps or boluses.