Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of …

1 Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality management Principles Edited by Richard Helmer and Ivanildo Hespanhol Published on behalf of UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council World Health Organization E & FN Spon An imprint of Thomson Professional London. Weinheim. New York. Tokyo. Melbourne. Madras Also available from E & FN Spon The Coliform Index and Waterborne Disease C. Gleeson and N. Gray Ecological Effects of Wastewater 2nd Edition Welch Handbook of Drinking Water Quality 2nd Edition J.

2 DeZuane Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering 2nd Edition A. Chadwick and J. Morfett Hydraulic Structures 2nd Edition P. Novak, A. Moffat, C. Nalluri and R. Naryanan International River Water Quality G. Best, T. Bogacka and E. Neimircyz Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 19th Edition Water Environment Federation Water and Wastewater Treatment 4th Edition R. Bardolet Water : Economics, management and Demand M. Kay, T. Franks and L. Smith Water Policy P.

3 Howsam and R. Carter Water Quality Assessments 2nd Edition D. Chapman Water Quality Monitoring J. Bartram and R. Ballance For more information about these and other titles please contact: The Marketing Department, E & FN Spon, 2-6 Boundary Row, London, SE1 8HN. Tel: 0171 865 0066 Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Thomson Professional, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN Thomson Science & Professional, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Thomson Science & Professional, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany Thomson Science & Professional, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Thomson Science & Professional, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2-2-1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Thomson Science & Professional, 102 Dodds Street.

4 South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Thomson Science & Professional, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First edition 1997 1997 WHO/UNEP Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk ISBN 0 419 22910 8 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means.

5 Without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

6 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO and ANSI/NISO (Permanence of Paper). Ordering information Water Pollution Control A Guide to the use of Water quality management principles 1997, 526 pages ISBN 0419229108 published on behalf of WHO by F & FN Spon 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4) 4EE Telephone: +44 171 583 9855 Fax: +44 171 843 2298 Order on line: Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Chapter 1 - Policy and Principles Introduction Policy framework Guiding principles for Water Pollution Control Strategy formulation References Chapter 2 - Water Quality Requirements Introduction Why Water quality criteria and objectives?

7 Water quality criteria for individual use categories Water quality objectives Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter 3 - Technology Selection Integrating waste and Water management Wastewater origin, composition and significance Wastewater management Pollution prevention and minimisation Sewage conveyance Costs, operation and maintenance Selection of technology Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter 4 - Wastewater as a Resource Introduction Types of reuse Implementing or upgrading agricultural reuse systems Technical aspects of health protection Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter 5 - Legal and Regulatory Instruments Introduction Inventories for Pollution Control Derivation of standards for point sources Regulation of point sources Non-point

8 Source Pollution Groundwater protection Transboundary Pollution Conclusions References Chapter 6 - Economic Instruments Introduction Why use economic instruments? Applying economic instruments Choosing between instruments Application in developing countries Conclusions References Chapter 7 - Financing Wastewater management Introduction The challenges of urban sanitation The financial challenges Strategic planning and policies for sustainable sanitation services Conclusions References Chapter 8 - Institutional Arrangements Introduction The Water Pollution Control sub-sector Institutions and organisations Criteria and

9 Determinants Examples of institutional arrangements Capacity building Conclusions References Chapter 9 - Information Systems Introduction The importance of integration Specifying information needs Information gathering and dissemination From data to information tools Design of monitoring networks and selection of variables Monitoring technology References Chapter 10 - Framework for Water Pollution Control Introduction Initial analysis of Water quality problems Establishing objectives for Water Pollution Control management tools and instruments Action plan for Water Pollution Control References Case Study I - The Ganga, India Introduction The Ganga river The Ganga Action Plan Implementation problems River Water quality monitoring The future Conclusions and lessons learned Recommendations Source literature Case Study II - Shanghai Huangpu River.

10 China Introduction Background information Institutional development and industrial Pollution Control Pollution Control strategy for the Huangpu River Other major measures used in cleaning the Huangpu River Conclusions References Case Study III - The Pasig River, Philippines Country profile Basin identification Pre-intervention situation The intervention scenario Lessons learned, constraints and opportunities Conclusions and recommendations Case Study IV - Nigeria Introduction National environmental policy Water resources management Industrial Water Pollution Control programme Conclusions References Case Study V - The Witbank Dam Catchment Introduction Background information The Witbank Dam catchment Pre-intervention situation Intervention with a new approach Shortcomings of the approach Conclusions References Case Study VI - The Upper