Water Temperature Modeling Review - cwemf

1 Water Temperature Modeling Review Central Valley September 2000 Sponsored by the Bay Delta Modeling Forum Michael L. Deas Cindy L. Lowney _____ II 1. IMPORTANCE OF Water Temperature IN AQUATIC MATHEMATICAL HISTORY OF Temperature Modeling IN THE CENTRAL Bureau of US Army Corps of Other Modeling EXTENT OF Model Hydrodynamic Numerical Solution Central Valley Model Model Domain: Near- and Far-Field REPORT OUTLINE AND Report 2. THEORETICAL HEAT AND Heat Specific THE ENERGY Solar Radiation (swq)..19 Riparian Longwave Radiation (qatm and qb).

2 24 Downwelling Longwave Upwelling Longwave Latent Heat Flux (qL)..25 Basic Expressions of Atmospheric Moisture Evaporative Heat Sensible Heat Flux (hq)..29 Ground Heat EQUILIBRIUM Modeling LAKES AND Lake and Reservoir Heat Internal Temperature Inflows and Outflow Spatial Modeling STREAMS AND Transport Analytical Thermal Regimes of Regulated Formation of Nodes and Anti-Nodes in the Sacramento 3. Water Temperature III TYPES OF Water Temperature Modeling Baseline Impact Other PRELIMINARY SYSTEM Study Area and Study System Boundaries, Components.

3 And Space and Time MODEL MODEL PERFORMANCE DATA Data Boundary Initial Calibration and Validation Meteorological Meteorological Data Other Meteorological Data Rivers and Geometric Flow Water Other Reservoirs and Geometric Flow Water Non-physical System Constraints for Rivers and Need for Additional Field Data MODEL Model Data Requirements and Computer Model Availability and Model Training, Documentation, and Computational Software and Code Numerical Solution Available 4. MODEL IMPLEMENTATION, CALIBRATION/VALIDATION, AND MODEL Model Test Mathematical Description of the Loading Data and Selecting Default Trial Formulating Initial CALIBRATION AND Calibration Model Statistical Calibration and Validation Locations for Rivers and Range of Model Calibration and Validation and Model SENSITIVITY MODEL 5.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND THEORETICAL Water Temperature MODEL IMPLEMENTATION, CALIBRATION/VALIDATION, AND STATE OF THE FINDINGS AND Technical Heat Budget Reservoir Inflow and Withdrawal Envelope Modeling Computer Language and Improved Model Data Meteorological Interdisciplinary Education and Concluding 6. 7. APPENDIX A. PUBLICLY AVAILABLE RIVER HSPF, HYDROLOGICAL SIMULATION PROGRAM RESERVOIR APPENDIX B. DATA STREAM Water METEOROLOGICAL 1 Dedication This report is dedicated to two dear friends and colleagues, Gerald Orlob and the late Ray Krone.

5 It would be difficult to name two individuals whose research contributions in the field of Water resources have lead to a greater understanding of the Bay, Delta, and Central Valley systems. We are privileged to take this opportunity to identify these two individuals who worked so diligently to lay the foundation that we stand upon each day. 21. introduction Temperature , a catalyst, a depressant, an activator, a restrictor, a stimulator, a controller, a killer, is one of the most important and influential Water quality characteristics to life in Water Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (1967) PURPOSE The Central Valley watershed provides an important environmental, social, and economic resource.

6 Its streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuary provide critical habitat for fish and wildlife, recreation, Water supply, hydropower, flood control, navigation, and other uses that support California s vast economy. However, extensive Water resources development has affected aquatic environments in most of the Central Valley watershed. Construction of dams on the Sacramento and San Joaquin River, as well as on most major tributaries to these rivers, has blocked passage for anadromous fishes that historically spawned in these watersheds. Additionally, the impoundment of waters and operation of reservoirs has altered both the flow regime and Water quality in downstream river reaches.

7 Downstream river reaches are further impacted by diversions and return flows. Of particular concern is the effect that impoundments and Water resources development along river reaches have on Water Temperature . The influence of Water Temperature on native Central Valley fishes is of importance, particularly for anadromous chinook salmon and steelhead. In response to concerns over the effects of reservoirs on downstream Water Temperature , regulators have established Water Temperature requirements or objectives that significantly restrict the operation of upstream reservoirs, as shown in Table 1-1. In addition, major activities and expenditures are being contemplated for re-operation of reservoirs, modification of dams, restoration of riparian habitat, management of drainage flows, and modification of channel geometry, in part to improve stream Water Temperature conditions for these fish.

8 Mathematical Modeling of stream and reservoir Temperature has become important for operation of system reservoirs, and is also valuable for simulating effectiveness of proposed strategies that utilize passive ( , non-operational) approaches to Water Temperature control. As Modeling techniques, monitoring equipment, and computing power improve, more sophisticated mathematical tools for evaluation of reservoir operations and watershed restoration efforts have become available. There is increasing interest over how Temperature Modeling is, can, and should be used for reservoir system operations to meet existing down stream Temperature standards. Yet concern also exists over the ability of Temperature Modeling to adequately simulate the effectiveness of non-reservoir management activities.

9 Topics of interest include assessment of reservoir carryover storage for cold Water supplies, reservoir releases from selected depths, and riparian shading of streams and rivers to control/maintain Water Temperature . In response to the interest and concern associated with selection and application of Temperature models and the biological and ecological effects of Temperature regimes, the Bay Delta Modeling Forum (BDMF) sponsored two preliminary assessments: this Review of Temperature Modeling for Central Valley Water management and a Review of Temperature effects on anadromous Central Valley salmonids. As such, the report objective is: To provide an overview of stream and reservoir Water Temperature Modeling , Review historic and current Temperature Modeling work in the Central Valley, identify basic Temperature prediction concepts, present the required field and other physical data, and define the role of Temperature Modeling in addressing current biological problems.

10 3 The target audience includes resource managers, biologists, engineers, technicians, operators and policy makers who may or may not have prior experience with Temperature models. The Review includes four general areas specific to Water Temperature Modeling : theoretical considerations; components and design of Water Temperature studies; implementation, calibration and validation, and use of models; and conclusions and recommendations. In certain areas pertaining to general Modeling protocols and processes, the reader is referred to other literature sources for further details. Prior to progressing to the aforementioned topics, some basic concepts related to Water Temperature and Modeling are presented, followed by a brief history of Temperature Modeling in the Central Valley, as well as extent of this Temperature Review .