Welcome to Adv. Human Anatomy & Physiology

1 1 Page 1 Welcome to Adv. Human Anatomy & Physiology BI 334 - Fall 2012 What is Anatomy and Physiology ? Anatomy : Study of body structure and the physical relationships between body parts Course Introduction Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification) Cytology: Study of cells Histology: Study of tissues Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye) Regional Anatomy : Study of structures in particular region Systemic Anatomy : Study of organ systems Surface Anatomy : Study of structures related to skin 2 Page 2 What is Anatomy and Physiology ? Physiology : Study of how living organisms perform vital functions Course Introduction Physiology rests on principles of physics Chemical factors Physical factors Review: Chapter 2 (Marieb / Hoehn) Cell Physiology Organ Physiology System Physiology Principle of complementary of structure and function The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates ) Course Introduction Why Study Anatomy and Physiology Together?

2 Heart Anatomy : One-way valves Heart Physiology : One-way blood flow 3 Page 3 1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion) Basic structural / functional unit Molecular interactions 2) Tissue level Similar cells specific function Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Course Introduction Marieb & Hoehn ( Human Anatomy and Physiology , 9th ed.) Figure Structural Organization: Review: Chapter 3 (Marieb / Hoehn) Primary Tissue Types: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Aggregated polyhedral cells Miniscule Line surface / body cavities; Variable fixed / wandering cells Abundant Provide support and protection Elongated contractile cells Moderate Allow for movement Intertwining elongated processes None Transmit electrical impulses Tissue: Cells: Extracellular matrix: Function: Produce glandular secretions Course Introduction Structural Organization: 4 Page 4 3) Organ level 2 tissues specific function 4) Organ system level 2 organs specific function 5) Organism level Organ systems = life Course Introduction Structural Organization.

3 1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion) Basic structural / functional unit Molecular interactions 2) Tissue level Similar cells specific function Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Marieb & Hoehn ( Human Anatomy and Physiology , 9th ed.) Figure Protection: Integumentary System Movement / Support: Skeletal System Muscular System Immune System Nutrient acquisition: Digestive System Respiratory System Fluid / Solute transportation: Cardiovascular System Course Introduction Marieb & Hoehn ( Human Anatomy and Physiology , 9th ed.) Figure Organ Systems: 5 Page 5 Waste removal: Urinary System Communication: Nervous System Endocrine System Reproduction: Female reproductive system Respiratory System Course Introduction Male reproductive system Obvious sex differences Not absolutely necessary Organ Systems: Marieb & Hoehn ( Human Anatomy and Physiology , 9th ed.

4 Figure Organ systems work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body Reminder: Digestive system: Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter Respiratory system: Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Cardiovascular system: Distributes oxygen and nutrients to all cells; delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Example: ATP production Food O2 CO2 CO2 O2 Feces Urine Nutrients Course Introduction Marieb & Hoehn ( Human Anatomy and Physiology , 9th ed.) Figure 6 Page 6 For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be maintained regardless of external conditions Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium) Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state) The principle function of regulatory systems is to maintain homeostasis Regulatory Systems: Pathophysiology: The study of homeostatic imbalance ( , disease) Course Introduction (moderate imbalance = illness.)

5 Extreme imbalance = death) Claude Bernard (1813 1878) Walter Cannon (1871 1945) Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems Example: Temperature regulation Course Introduction Regulatory Systems: Information Input Receptor (transducer) Control center (set point) autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation Output Effector Effect (change in system) Feedback Negative Feedback: Drives system toward set point (promotes stability) Body temp = (Hypothalamus) ( ) (Muscles) (Shivering) Most common type of feedback system found in the Human body (body heats up) (-) 7 Page 7 Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems Example: Delivery of fetus Course Introduction Regulatory Systems: Information Input Receptor (transducer) Control center (set point) autoregulation vs.

6 Extrinsic regulation Output Effector Effect (change in system) Feedback Positive Feedback: Drives system away from set point (promotes instability) Cervix stretches (Hypothalamus) (no stretch) (Uterus) (Uterus contracts) Rare type of feedback system found in the Human body (cervix stretches) (+) Pathophysiology: The initiation of abnormal positive feedback systems often associated with disease / trauma Course Introduction BP Input Vasomotor center Output Heart Blood Vessels Effect Baroreceptor ( , aortic arch) Feedback (set point = 120 / 80 mm Hg) Heart rate; Vasoconstriction (increase in blood pressure) (-) Guyton & Hall (Textbook of Medical Physiology , 12th ed.)

7 Figure Example: Blood loss due to trauma Not enough blood Heart weakens (no ) decrease (+)