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WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 WHO Recommended Surveillance ...

WHO/CDS/CSR/ Recommended Surveillance Standards. Second editionThis document has been produced jointly by technicalprogrammes in WHO and by UNAIDSW orld Health OrganizationDepartment of Communicable Disease Surveillance andResponseThis document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. Theoriginal cover pages and lists of participants are not included. for more information. World Health OrganizationThis document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization(WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may,however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part orin whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial views expressed in documents by named authors are solely theresponsibility of those authors.

WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards. Second edition This document has been produced jointly by technical programmes in WHO and by UNAIDS

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Transcription of WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 WHO Recommended Surveillance ...

1 WHO/CDS/CSR/ Recommended Surveillance Standards. Second editionThis document has been produced jointly by technicalprogrammes in WHO and by UNAIDSW orld Health OrganizationDepartment of Communicable Disease Surveillance andResponseThis document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. Theoriginal cover pages and lists of participants are not included. for more information. World Health OrganizationThis document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization(WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may,however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part orin whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial views expressed in documents by named authors are solely theresponsibility of those authors.

2 The mention of specific companies or specificmanufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of asimilar nature that are not Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ coordination of communicable disease notes ..12 Sample activities: criteria and WHO disease contacts in Regional ..33 Creutzfeldt-Jakob viral influenzae type b disease ..53 Acute viral ..61 Lassa fever ..63 Legionellosis ..65 Cutaneous .. Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ .. 107 Syphilis .. 111 Tetanus, neonatal .. 113 African trypanosomiasis.

3 115 American trypanosomiasis ..117 Tuberculosis .. 119 Scrub 123 Yellow fever .. 125 SyndromesAcute haemorrhagic fever 129 Acute lower respiratory tract infections (aLRTI) and pneumonia .. 131 Acute (watery) 133 Acute (bloody) 135 Antimicrobial resistance .. 137 Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance .. 139 Foodborne 141 Sexually transmitted diseases / 145 Annex 1 Software free and in the public 147 Annex 2 Proposed Surveillance definitions .. 149 Annex 3 Role and use of Geographic Information Sytems (GIS)and mapping for epidemiological 153 WHO Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ World Health Organizationwishes to acknowledge the support ofThe Department for International DevelopmentGovernment of the United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern IrelandandThe Government of Irelandin the production of this documentWHO Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ :WHO Ninth General Programme of Work, 1996-2001 AAFB:Alcohol-acid-fast bacilliAb: AntibodyAFP:Acute flaccid paralysisAFRO:WHO Regional Office for the African RegionAg.

4 AntigenAIDS:Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeaLRTI:Acute lower respiratory tract infectionsAMRO: see PAHOARI:Acute respiratory tract infectionsBSE:Bovine spongiform encephalopathyCATT:Card agglutination trypanosomiasis testCD4: T4 lymphocyte populationCDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USACJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseCMFLC ommunity microfilarial loadCSF: Cerebrospinal fluidDA:Direct agglutination testDEC:DiethylcarbamazineDFA:Direct fluorescent antibodyDHF:Dengue haemorrhagic feverDPT: Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanusDSS:Dengue shock syndromeDT: Diphtheria, tetanusEEG: ElectroencephalogramEIA:Enzyme immunoassayELISA:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEMRO:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanEPIET:European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology TrainingEURO:WHO Regional Office for the European RegionFAT:Fluorescent antibody testFETP:Field Epidemiology Training ProgrammeFFI:Fatal familial insomniaFluNet:Influenza networkFTA:Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorptionGIS Geographic Information SystemGPS: Global Positioning SystemGSS:Gerstmann-Str ussler-Scheinker (syndrome)HAV.

5 Hepatitis A virusHBcAg Hepatitis B core antigenHbeAg:Hepatitis B envelope antigenHbsAg:Hepatitis B surface antigenHBV:Hepatitis B virusHCV: Hepatitis C virusHDV:Hepatitis D virusHepB3:hepatitis B vaccineHEV: Hepatitis E virusHIHaemagglutination inhibition (test) influenzae type bHIV: Human immunodeficiency virusHTP:HydroxytryptophaneIARC:Internat ional Agency for Research in Cancer, WHO, Lyon, FranceICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, WHOID: IdentificationIF:Indirect ImmunofluorescenceIFA: Immunofluorescent assayWHO Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ :Indirect immunoflourescent antibody testIgGImmunoglobulin GIgMImmunoglobulin MIGOI ntergovernmental organizationIHRI nternational Health RegulationsIPImmunoperoxidaseJE:Japanese encephalitisMAT:Microscopic Agglutination TestMDT:Multidrug therapyMNH:Programme on Mental Health, WHOMoH:Ministry of HealthNGO:Nongovernmental organizationNPEV:Non-poliomyelitis enterovirusnvCJD:New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseOPV:Oral poliomyelitis vaccinePAB:Protected at BirthPAHO:Pan-American Health OrganizationPAS:Periodic acid-Schiff (stain)PCR.

6 Polymerase chain reactionPrP:Protease-prion proteinRPR:Rapid Plasma ReaginSEARO: WHO Regional Office for South-East AsiaSRL:Supra-national reference laboratorySTD: Sexually transmitted diseasesTd:Tetanus-diphtheria [toxoid]TEPHINET: Training in Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention NetworkTPHA:Treponema pallidum haemagglutination antibodiesTT: Tetanus toxoidUNAIDS:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSVDRL:Venereal Disease Research LaboratoryWHA:World Health AssemblyWHO:World Health OrganizationWPRO:WHO Regional Office for the Western PacificWHO Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ document has been produced jointly by technical clusters of WHO, aswell as by UNAIDS, in order to bring together WHO Recommended standards forthe Surveillance of communicable diseases.

7 It is not meant to replace existingtechnical guidelines or be an exhaustive description of Surveillance of all document serves only as a guide to good practice and may help to harmonize1surveillance purpose of this manual is to be a handy reference for key elements andcontact information for all communicable diseases / syndromes associated withcurrent WHO control programmes. It should be particularly useful at the Ministry ofHealth level in Member States, in approaching integrated Surveillance ofcommunicable diseases / document is intended to be updated on a regular basis. This reflects thechanging nature of infectious diseases and accompanying diagnostic andsurveillance methods.

8 It also reflects the multidisciplinary nature of diseasesurveillance in which many different programmes and partners are involved. Thediseases and syndromes are organized in alphabetical order for easy each disease or syndrome there is a description of the rationale forsurveillance, case definition, types of Surveillance , minimum data elements, dataanalyses and principal uses of data for decision-making. In addition, the relevantWHO contact(s) are included with contact details. ICD-10 codes are provided forstandardization of reporting and international data brief overview of the methods proposed for coordinating a national plan forcommunicable disease Surveillance follows this introduction.

9 Annex 1 providesinformation on Surveillance -related software, and Annex 2 is a glossary ofsurveillance-related first issue of the manual (November 1997) elicited many suggestions, forwhich we are grateful. This has led to some revision for practically every item in thepresent version, and the document is therefore reissued in toto. Major technicalrevisions concern AIDS and HIV, the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, andthe vaccine-preventable diseases. The item on bacillary dysentery has beendeleted because of overlap with the syndrome of bloody diarrhoea. Two new itemshave been added: Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and viral haemorrhagicfever syndromes.

10 1 For further information, comments and suggestions, please contact either the relevantWHO Regional Office (contact information pages 18-23) or, at Headquarters in Geneva,Dr G. Rodier Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance andResponse, Tel: (4122) 791 2109; Fax: (4122) 791 4198; E-mail: Recommended Surveillance StandardsWHO/CDS/CSR/ COORDINATION OF COMMUNICABLEDISEASE SURVEILLANCEE ffective communicable disease control relies on effective diseasesurveillance. A functional national communicable diseases Surveillance system isessential for action on priority communicable diseases.


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