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WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants

Bulbus Allii CepaeiWHOmonographson selectedmedicinal plantsVOLUME 1 World Health OrganizationGeneva1999 WHO monographs on selected medicinal plantsiiWHO Library Cataloguing in Publication DataWHO monographs on selected medicinal plants . Vol. , medicinal medicineISBN 92 4 154517 8(NLM Classification: QV 766)The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate itspublications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office ofPublications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide thelatest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints andtranslations already available. World Health Organization 1999 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with theprovisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.

WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants iv Radix Valerianae 267 Rhizoma Zingiberis 277 Annex Participants in the WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal

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Transcription of WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants

1 Bulbus Allii CepaeiWHOmonographson selectedmedicinal plantsVOLUME 1 World Health OrganizationGeneva1999 WHO monographs on selected medicinal plantsiiWHO Library Cataloguing in Publication DataWHO monographs on selected medicinal plants . Vol. , medicinal medicineISBN 92 4 154517 8(NLM Classification: QV 766)The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate itspublications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office ofPublications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide thelatest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints andtranslations already available. World Health Organization 1999 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with theprovisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.

2 All rights designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organiza-tion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of asimilar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietaryproducts are distinguished by initial capital by WHO GraphicsTypeset in Hong KongPrinted in Malta97/11795-Best-set/Interprint-6500 Bulbus Allii CepaeiiiContentsAcknowledgementsvIntrodu ction1 monographs (in alphabetical order of plant name)

3 Bulbus Allii Cepae5 Bulbus Allii Sativi16 Aloe33 Aloe Vera Gel43 Radix Astragali50 Fructus Bruceae59 Radix Bupleuri67 Herba Centellae77 Flos Chamomillae86 Cortex Cinnamomi95 Rhizoma Coptidis105 Rhizoma Curcumae Longae115 Radix Echinaceae125 Herba Echinaceae Purpureae136 Herba Ephedrae145 Folium Ginkgo154 Radix Ginseng168 Radix Glycyrrhizae183 Radix Paeoniae195 Semen Plantaginis202 Radix Platycodi213 Radix Rauwolfiae221 Rhizoma Rhei231 Folium Sennae241 Fructus Sennae250 Herba Thymi259 WHO monographs on selected medicinal plantsivRadix Valerianae267 Rhizoma Zingiberis277 AnnexParticipants in the WHO Consultation on selected MedicinalPlants288 ContentsBulbus Allii CepaevAcknowledgementsSpecial acknowledgement is due to Professors Norman R. Farnsworth, HarryH. S. Fong, and Gail B. Mahady of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Tradi-tional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA,for drafting and revising the also acknowledges with thanks the members of the advisory groupthat met in Beijing, China, in 1994, to draw up a list of medicinal plants forwhich monographs should be prepared, the more than 100 experts who pro-vided comments and advice on the draft texts, and those who participated inthe WHO Consultation held in Munich, Germany, in 1996 to review themonographs (see Annex).

4 Finally, WHO would like to thank the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Indus-trial Development Organization for their contributions and all those whosubmitted comments through the World Self-Medication Industry, a nongov-ernmental organization in official relations with monographs on selected medicinal plantsviBulbus Allii Cepae1 IntroductionDuring the past decade, traditional systems of medicine have become a topic ofglobal importance. Current estimates suggest that, in many developing coun-tries, a large proportion of the population relies heavily on traditional practi-tioners and medicinal plants to meet primary health care needs. Althoughmodern medicine may be available in these countries, herbal medicines(phytomedicines) have often maintained popularity for historical and culturalreasons.

5 Concurrently, many people in developed countries have begun to turnto alternative or complementary therapies, including medicinal plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientificallyevaluated for their possible medical application. Safety and efficacy data areavailable for even fewer plants , their extracts and active ingredients, and thepreparations containing them. Furthermore, in most countries the herbal medi-cines market is poorly regulated, and herbal products are often neither regis-tered nor controlled. Assurance of the safety, quality, and efficacy of medicinalplants and herbal products has now become a key issue in industrialized and indeveloping countries. Both the general consumer and health-care professionalsneed up-to-date, authoritative information on the safety and efficacy of medici-nal the fourth International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities(ICDRA) held in Tokyo in 1986, WHO was requested to compile a list ofmedicinal plants and to establish international specifications for the mostwidely used medicinal plants and simple preparations.

6 Guidelines for the as-sessment of herbal medicines were subsequently prepared by WHO andadopted by the sixth ICDRA in Ottawa, Canada, in As a result ofICDRA s recommendations and in response to requests from WHO s MemberStates for assistance in providing safe and effective herbal medicines for usein national health-care systems, WHO is now publishing this first volumeof 28 monographs on selected medicinal plants ; a second volume is of the monographsThe medicinal plants featured in this volume were selected by an advisorygroup in Beijing in 1994. The plants selected are widely used and important in1 Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. In: Quality assurance of pharmaceuticals: acompendium of guidelines and related materials. Volume 1. Geneva, World Health Organization,1997:31 monographs on selected medicinal plants2all WHO regions, and for each sufficient scientific information seemed availableto substantiate safety and efficacy.

7 The monographs were drafted by the WHOC ollaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine at the University of Illinois atChicago, United States of America. The content was obtained by a systematicreview of scientific literature from 1975 until the end of 1995: review articles;bibliographies in review articles; many pharmacopoeias the International,African, British, Chinese, Dutch, European, French, German, Hungarian, Indian,and Japanese; as well as many other reference monographs were widely distributed, and some 100 experts inmore than 40 countries commented on them. Experts included members ofWHO s Expert Advisory Panels on Traditional Medicine, on the InternationalPharmacopoeia and Pharmaceutical Preparations, and on Drug Evaluation andNational Drug Policies; and the drug regulatory authorities of 16 WHO Consultation on selected medicinal plants was held in Munich,Germany, in 1996.

8 Sixteen experts and drug regulatory authorities fromMember States participated. Following extensive discussion, 28 of 31 draftmonographs were approved. The monograph on one medicinal plant was re-jected because of the plant s potential toxicity. Two others will be reconsideredwhen more definitive data are available. At the subsequent eighth ICDRA inBahrain later in 1996, the 28 model monographs were further reviewed andendorsed, and Member States requested WHO to prepare additional and content of the monographsThe purpose of the monographs is to: provide scientific information on the safety, efficacy, and quality control/quality assurance of widely used medicinal plants , in order to facilitate theirappropriate use in Member States; provide models to assist Member States in developing their own mono-graphs or formularies for these or other herbal medicines; and facilitate information exchange among Member will include members of regulatory authorities, practitioners of ortho-dox and of traditional medicine, pharmacists, other health professionals, manu-facturers of herbal products, and research monograph contains two parts.

9 The first part consists of phar-macopoeial summaries for quality assurance: botanical features, distribution,identity tests, purity requirements, chemical assays, and active or major chemi-cal constituents. The second part summarizes clinical applications, pharmacol-ogy, contraindications, warnings, precautions, potential adverse reactions, each pharmacopoeial summary, the Definition section provides the Latinbinomial pharmacopoeial name, the most important criterion in quality assur-ance. Latin pharmacopoeial synonyms and vernacular names, listed in theIntroductionBulbus Allii Cepae3sections Synonyms and selected vernacular names, are those names used in com-merce or by local consumers. The monographs place outdated botanical no-menclature in the synonyms category, based on the International Rules example, Aloe barbadensis Mill.

10 Is actually Aloe vera (L.) Burm. Cassiaacutifolia Delile and Cassia angustifolia Vahl., often treated in separate mono-graphs, are now believed to be the same species, Cassia senna L. Matricariachamomilla L., M. recutita L., and M. suaveolens L. have been used for many yearsas the botanical name for camomile. However, it is now agreed that the nameChamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is the legitimate vernacular names listed are a selection of names from individual coun-tries worldwide, in particular from areas where the medicinal plant is in com-mon use. The lists are not complete, but reflect the names appearing in theofficial monographs and reference books consulted during preparation of theWHO monographs and in the Natural Products Alert (NAPRALERT) database (adatabase of literature from around the world on ethnomedical, biological andchemical information on medicinal plants , fungi and marine organisms, locatedat the WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine at the University ofIllinois at Chicago).


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