Example: confidence

Wind and solar power systems: design, analysis, …

Second EditionDesign, analysis , and OperationWind and SolarPower Systems copy Page ii Wednesday, June 15, 2005 10:02 AMSecond EditionDesign, analysis , and OperationWind and SolarPower SystemsMukund R. PatelBoca Raton London New York SingaporeA CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of theTaylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa Merchant Marine AcademyKings Point, New York, in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis GroupNo claim to original Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1570-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1570-1 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005043904 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.

Second Edition Design, Analysis, and Operation Wind and Solar Power Systems Mukund R. Patel Boca Raton London New York Singapore A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Tags:

  Analysis, System, Design, Power, Solar, Solar power systems

Information

Domain:

Source:

Link to this page:

Please notify us if you found a problem with this document:

Other abuse

Transcription of Wind and solar power systems: design, analysis, …

1 Second EditionDesign, analysis , and OperationWind and SolarPower Systems copy Page ii Wednesday, June 15, 2005 10:02 AMSecond EditionDesign, analysis , and OperationWind and SolarPower SystemsMukund R. PatelBoca Raton London New York SingaporeA CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of theTaylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa Merchant Marine AcademyKings Point, New York, in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis GroupNo claim to original Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1570-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1570-1 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005043904 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.

2 Reprinted material isquoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable effortshave been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assumeresponsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, andrecording, or in any information storage or retrieval system , without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access ( ) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registrationfor a variety of users.

3 For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used onlyfor identification and explanation without intent to of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPatel, Mukund R., 1942-Wind and solar power systems : design , analysis , and operation / Mukund R. bibliographical references and 0-8493-1570-0 (alk. paper) 1. Wind power plants. 2. solar power plants. 3. Photovoltaic power systems. I. '2136--dc222005043904 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at the CRC Press Web site at & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. Cover photo: Original land use continues in a wind farm in Germany. (With permission from Vestas WindSystems, Denmark.)The wind and photovoltaic power technologies are rapidly evolving.

4 Although reasonable care has been takenin preparing this book, neither the author nor the publisher assumes responsibility for any consequences of usingthe information. The diagrams disclosed herein are for illustration purposes only and may be covered by patents. Dedication Dedicated to my mother, Shakariba, who practiced ingenuity, and to my children, Ketan, Bina, and Vijal, who flattered me by becoming engineers. Preface The phenomenal growth and new developments in wind and solar power technolo-gies have made the second edition of this book necessary. It reflects the need for anexpanded, revised, and updated version of the well-received first edition in just 5years. During that time, the capital and energy costs of wind power have declinedby 20%. Today, the cost of electricity from grid-connected wind farms is below 4cents/kWh, and that from photovoltaic (PV) parks below 20 cents/kWh.

5 The goalof ongoing research programs funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) andthe National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is to bring wind energy costbelow 3 cents/kWh and the PV energy cost below 15 cents/kWh by 2010. In capitaland energy costs, wind now competes on its merits with the conventional powertechnologies, and has become the least expensive source of electrical power traditional or new in many parts of the world. It is also abundant and environ-mentally clean, bringing many indirect social benefits not fully reflected in the marketeconomics. For these reasons, wind power now finds importance in the energyplanning in all countries around the world. According to the DOE, prime windlocales of the world have the potential of supplying more than ten times the globalenergy needs. In the , the DOE has established 21 partnerships with public andprivate bodies to develop turbines to generate economical power in low-wind-speedregions that would open up much larger areas of the country for rapid developmentof wind power .

6 The Electric power Research Institute (EPRI) estimates that windenergy will grow from less than 1% at present to as much as 10% of the demand by the world, the wind power generation capacity has seen an averageannual growth rate of 30% during the period from 1993 to 2003. More than 8,000MW of new wind capacity was added globally in 2003 with an investment value of$9 billion. This brought the total cumulative wind capacity to 40,000 MW. The mostexplosive growth occurred in Germany. Offshore wind farms are bringing a newdimension to the energy market. Many have been installed, and many more, eachexceeding 300-MW capacity, are being installed or are in the planning stage. Mostoffshore farms are less than 10 km from the shore in less than 10 m depth of s plan to install 750 MW of new wind capacity by 2008, bringing its totalto 4,000 MW for supplying 25% of the country s electricity, includes aggressiveoffshore plans.

7 Wind capacity is projected to reach 12,000 MW by 2015. Utilitiesand wind power developers have announced plans for more than 5,000 MW of newcapacity in 15 states by 2006. Hydro-Quebec plans 1,000 MW of new capacity tobe added between 2006 and 2012. In these new installations, 3-MW turbines arebeing routinely installed in many countries, with 5-MW machines available todayfor large offshore farms; 7-MW units are in prototype tests. On the solar PV side, the cost of PV electricity is still high: between 15 and 25cents/kWh. With the consumer cost of utility power ranging from 10 to 15cents/kWh, PV cannot economically compete directly with utility power as yet,except in remote markets where utility power is not available and transmission linecost would be prohibitive. Many developing countries have large areas falling inthis category, and that is where the most PV growth is taking place, such as in Indiaand China.

8 The worldwide solar PV is about $7 billion in annual business, mainlydriven by , PV installations grew at an average annual rate of 25 to 30% duringthe period from 2000 to 2004. By the end of 2004, the cumulative PV capacity was2,030 MW, with 1,000 MW in the The annual production of PV modules was530 MW in 2004 and is projected to reach 1,600 MW by 2010. The present moduleprices are $6 to $7 per watt for 1-kW modules and $3 to $4 per watt for 1-MWplants. The emerging thin-film and concentrating PV cells are expected to reducethe module prices substantially in the near the restructuring of electrical utilities as mandated by the EnergyPolicy Act (EPAct) of 1992, industry leaders expected the power generation business,both conventional and renewable, to become more profitable in the long run. Theirreasoning is that the generation business has been stripped of regulated prices andopened to competition among electricity producers and resellers.

9 The transmissionand distribution business, on the other hand, is still regulated. The American expe-rience indicates that free business generates more profits than regulated is the experience in the and Chile, where the electrical power industryhad long been structured similarly to the EPAct of 1992. Moreover, the renew-able power price would be falling as the technology advances, whereas the price ofthe conventional power would rise with inflation, making the wind and PV evenmore profitable in the America s darkest blackout in 2003 with its estimated $10 billion indamage is bringing a new and sharp focus to distributed power generation. Becauseoverloaded transmission lines caused the blackout, and it would take decades beforenew lines can be planned and built, the blackout has created a window of opportunityfor distributed power generation from wind and PV.

10 As most large-scale wind farmsare connected to the grid lines, PV systems are expected to benefit more in distributedpower generation growth. The Author Mukund R. Patel, , , is a research engineer, consultant, and educator with40 years of hands-on involvement in designing and developing state-of-the-art elec-trical power equipment and systems. He has served as principal engineer at theGeneral Electric Company in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; fellow engineer at theWestinghouse Research & Development Center in Pittsburgh; senior staff engineerat Lockheed Martin Corporation in Princeton, New Jersey; development manager atBharat Bijlee Limited, in Bombay, and as 3M Distinguished Visiting Professor atthe University of Minnesota, Duluth. Presently, he is a professor of engineering atthe Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York, and an associateeditor of solar Energy Journal published by the International solar Energy Patel obtained his degree in electric power engineering from Rensse-laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; in engineering management fromthe University of Pittsburgh; in electrical machine design from Gujarat Uni-versity.


Related search queries