Wireless Communications

1 Wireless COMMUNICATIONSW irelesss technology is a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimediacommunications between people and devices from any location. It also underpinsexciting applications such as sensor networks, smart homes, telemedicine, and au-tomated highways. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the under-lying theory, design techniques, and analytical tools of Wireless Communications ,focusing primarily on the core principles of Wireless system book begins with an overview of Wireless systems and standards. The char-acteristics of the Wireless channel are then described, including their fundamentalcapacity limits. Various modulation, coding, and signal processing schemes arethen discussed in detail, including state-of-the-art adaptive modulation, multicar-rier, spread-spectrum, and multiple-antenna techniques.

2 The concluding chaptersdeal with multiuser Communications , cellular system design, and ad hoc wirelessnetwork insights and trade-offs are emphasized throughout the book. It containsmany worked examples, more than 200 figures, almost 300 homework exercises,and more than 700 Communicationsis an ideal textbook forstudents as well as a valuable reference for engineers in the Wireless Goldsmith received her from the University of California, Berke-ley, and is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford to this she was an Assistant Professor at the California Institute of Technol-ogy, and she has also held positions in industry at Maxim Technologies and AT&TBell Laboratories. She is a Fellow of the IEEE, has received numerous otherawards and honors, and is the author of more than 150 technical papers in the fieldof Wireless GOLDSMITHS tanford University Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S o PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UKFirst published in print format - - - - - - - - - - Cambridge University Press 20052005 Information on this title: /9780521837163 This publication is in copyright.

3 Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press. - - - - - - - - Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of sfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New (NetLibrary)eBook (NetLibrary)hardbackTo Arturo, Daniel, and NicoleThe possession of knowledge does not kill the sense of wonder and mystery. Ana s NinBrief Table of ContentsPrefacepagexviiAbbreviationsxxii Notationxxvii1 Overview of Wireless Communications12 Path Loss and Shadowing273 Statistical Multipath Channel Models644 Capacity of Wireless Channels995 Digital Modulation and Detection1266 Performance of Digital Modulation over Wireless Channels1727 Diversity2048 Coding for Wireless Channels2289 Adaptive Modulation and Coding28310 Multiple Antennas and Space-Time Communications32111 Equalization35112 Multicarrier Modulation37413 Spread Spectrum40314 Multiuser Systems45215 Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Based Wireless Networks50516Ad Hoc Wireless Networks535 Appendices573 Bibliography605 Index633viiContentsPrefacepagexviiList of AbbreviationsxxiiList of Notationxxvii1 Overview of Wireless History of Wireless Wireless Technical Current

4 Wireless Cellular Telephone Cordless Wireless Local Area Wide Area Wireless Data Broadband Wireless Paging Satellite Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and Ultrawideband The Wireless Methods for Spectrum Spectrum Allocations for Existing Standards23 Problems24 References262 Path Loss and Radio Wave Transmit and Receive Signal Free-Space Path Ray Two-Ray Ten-Ray Model (Dielectric Canyon) General Ray Local Mean Received Empirical Path-Loss Okumura Hata COST 231 Extension to Hata Piecewise Linear (Multislope) Indoor Attenuation Simplified Path-Loss Shadow Combined Path Loss and Outage Probability under Path Loss and Cell Coverage Area53 Problems56 References603 Statistical Multipath Channel Time-Varying Channel Impulse Narrowband Fading Autocorrelation, Cross-Correlation.

5 And Power Envelope and Power Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Finite-State Markov Wideband Fading Power Delay Coherence Doppler Power Spectrum and Channel Coherence Transforms for Autocorrelation and Scattering Discrete-Time Space-Time Channel Models93 Problems94 References974 Capacity of Wireless Capacity in Capacity of Flat Fading Channel and System Channel Distribution Information Channel Side Information at Channel Side Information at Transmitter and Capacity with Receiver Capacity Capacity of Frequency-Selective Fading Time-Invariant Time-Varying Channels119 Problems121 References1245 Digital Modulation and Signal Space Signal and System Geometric Representation of Receiver Structure and Sufficient Decision Regions and the Maximum Likelihood Error Probability and the Union Passband Modulation Amplitude and Phase Pulse Amplitude Modulation (MPAM) Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) Differential Constellation Quadrature Frequency Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and Minimum-Shift Keying(MSK) Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK)

6 Noncoherent Detection of Pulse Symbol Synchronization and Carrier Phase Receiver Structure with Phase and Timing Maximum Likelihood Phase Maximum Likelihood Timing Estimation165 Problems167 References1706 Performance of Digital Modulation over Wireless AWGN Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio and Bit /Symbol Error Probability for BPSK and Error Probability for Error Probability for MPAM and Error Probability for FSK and Error Probability Approximation for Coherent Error Probability for Differential AlternateQ-Function Outage Average Probability of Moment Generating Function Approach to Average Combined Outage and Average Error Doppler Intersymbol Realization of Independent Fading Receiver System Selection Threshold Maximal-Ratio Equal-Gain Transmitter Channel Known at Channel Unknown at Transmitter The Alamouti Moment Generating Functions in Diversity Diversity Analysis for Diversity Analysis for EGC and Diversity Analysis for Noncoherent and DifferentiallyCoherent Modulation224 Problems225 References2278 Coding for Wireless Overview of Code Linear Block Binary Linear Block Generator Parity-Check Matrix and Syndrome Cyclic Hard Decision Decoding (HDD) Probability of Error for HDD in Probability of Error for SDD in Common Linear Block Nonbinary Block Codes: The Reed Solomon Convolutional Code Characterization.

7 Trellis Maximum Likelihood The Viterbi Distance State Diagrams and Transfer Error Probability for Convolutional Concatenated Turbo Low-Density Parity-Check Coded Coding with Interleaving for Fading Block Coding with Convolutional Coding with Coded Modulation with Symbol / Bit Unequal Error Protection Joint Source and Channel Coding274 Problems275 References2799 Adaptive Modulation and Adaptive Transmission Adaptive Variable-Rate Variable-Power Variable Error Variable-Coding Hybrid Variable-Rate Variable-Power Error Probability Adaptive Rate and Power Channel Inversion with Fixed Discrete-Rate Average Fade Region Exact versus Approximate Bit Error Channel Estimation Error and Adaptive Coded GeneralM-ary Continuous-Rate Discrete-Rate Average BER Adaptive Techniques in Combined Fast and Slow Fading314 Problems315 References31910 Multiple Antennas and Space-Time Narrowband MIMO Parallel Decomposition of the MIMO MIMO Channel Static Fading MIMO Diversity Gain: Diversity Multiplexing Space-Time Modulation and ML Detection and Pairwise Error Rank and Determinant Space-Time Trellis and Block Spatial Multiplexing and BLAST Frequency-Selective MIMO Smart Equalizer Noise Equalizer Folded Spectrum and ISI-Free Linear Zero-Forcing (ZF) Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Maximum Likelihood Sequence Decision-Feedback Other Equalization Adaptive Equalizers.

8 training and Tracking366xivCONTENTSP roblems368 References37212 Multicarrier Data Transmission Using Multiple Multicarrier Modulation with Overlapping Mitigation of Subcarrier Coding with Interleaving over Time and Frequency Adaptive Discrete Implementation of Multicarrier The DFT and Its The Cyclic Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Matrix Representation of Vector Challenges in Multicarrier Peak-to-Average Power Frequency and Timing Case Study: The IEEE Wireless LAN Standard396 Problems398 References40113 Spread Spread-Spectrum Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) DSSS System Spreading Codes for ISI Rejection: Random,Pseudorandom, RAKE Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Multiuser DSSS Spreading Codes for Multiuser Downlink Uplink Multiuser Multicarrier Multiuser FHSS Systems443 Problems443 References44914 Multiuser Multiuser Channels.

9 The Uplink and Multiple Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Hybrid Random Pure Slotted Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Power Downlink (Broadcast) Channel Channel Capacity in Common Capacity in Capacity with Multiple Uplink (Multiple Access) Channel Capacity in Capacity in Capacity with Multiple Uplink Downlink Multiuser MIMO Multiuser Systems496 Problems497 References50015 Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Based Wireless Cellular System Channel SIR and User Orthogonal Systems (TDMA / FDMA) Nonorthogonal Systems (CDMA) Interference Reduction Dynamic Resource Dynamic Channel Power Fundamental Rate Shannon Capacity of Cellular Area Spectral Efficiency525 Problems528 References53116Ad Hoc Wireless Data Home Device Sensor Distributed Control Design Principles and Protocol Physical Layer Access Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Application Layer Cross-Layer Network Capacity Energy-Constrained Modulation and MIMO and Cooperative Access, Routing, and Cross-Layer Design under Energy Capacity per Unit Energy562 Problems564 References566 Appendix ARepresentation of Bandpass Signals and Channels573 Appendix BProbability Theory, Random Variables, and Random Probability Random Random Gaussian Processes586 Appendix CMatrix Definitions, Operations.

10 And Matrices and Matrix and Vector Matrix Decompositions592 Appendix DSummary of Wireless Cellular Phone First-Generation Analog Second-Generation Digital Evolution of Second-Generation Third-Generation Wireless Local Area Wireless Short-Distance Networking Standards601 Bibliography605 Index633 PrefaceWireless Communications is a broad and dynamic field that has spurred tremendous excite-ment and technological advances over the last few decades. The goal of this book is to providereaders with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles underlying wire-less Communications . These principles include the characteristics and performance limits ofwireless systems, the techniques and mathematical tools needed to analyze them, and the in-sights and trade-offs associated with their design.