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with Directory of STEEL FASTENERS - SSINA

FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:25 AM Page 3. DESIGNER. HANDBOOK S TA I N L E S S. with Directory of STEEL . fastener Manufacturers FASTENERS . A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH. TO THEIR SELECTION. Stainless STEEL The Value Option . FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:26 AM Page 4. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S.. PREFACE/ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO STAINLESS STEEL . fastener SELECTION 1. MANUFACTURE OF STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS 1. WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL 2. IDENTIFICATION 2. STAINLESS STEEL CHARACTERISTICS. (CORROSION RESISTANCE, STRENGTH, MACHINABILITY, COLD HEADING QUALITY, APPEARANCE/AESTHETICS) 3. STAINLESS STEEL NO PROTECTIVE COATING NECESSARY 6. CHOOSING THE RIGHT STAINLESS STEEL 6. TENSILE AND YIELD STRENGTH 7. ANCHORS 8. DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 8.

STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS DESIGNER HANDBOOK with Directory of Fastener Manufacturers A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THEIR SELECTION Stainless Steel

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Transcription of with Directory of STEEL FASTENERS - SSINA

1 FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:25 AM Page 3. DESIGNER. HANDBOOK S TA I N L E S S. with Directory of STEEL . fastener Manufacturers FASTENERS . A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH. TO THEIR SELECTION. Stainless STEEL The Value Option . FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:26 AM Page 4. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S.. PREFACE/ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO STAINLESS STEEL . fastener SELECTION 1. MANUFACTURE OF STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS 1. WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL 2. IDENTIFICATION 2. STAINLESS STEEL CHARACTERISTICS. (CORROSION RESISTANCE, STRENGTH, MACHINABILITY, COLD HEADING QUALITY, APPEARANCE/AESTHETICS) 3. STAINLESS STEEL NO PROTECTIVE COATING NECESSARY 6. CHOOSING THE RIGHT STAINLESS STEEL 6. TENSILE AND YIELD STRENGTH 7. ANCHORS 8. DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 8.

2 DESIGNING FOR OPTIMUM CORROSION RESISTANCE 12. HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE 14. LOW TEMPERATURE SERVICE 16. STAINLESS STEEL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 17. fastener MARKINGS 18, 19. fastener BASICS 20. Directory OF fastener . MANUFACTURERS INSIDE BACK COVER. The Specialty STEEL Industry of North suitability for any general and specific America ( SSINA ) and the individual use. The SSINA assumes no liability companies it represents have made or responsibility of any kind in con- every effort to ensure that the infor- nection with the use of this informa- mation presented in this handbook is tion. The reader is advised that the technically correct. However, neither material contained herein should not the SSINA nor its member companies be used or relied on for any specific warrants the accuracy of the informa- or general applications without first tion contained in this handbook or its securing competent advice.

3 FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:26 AM Page 5. PREFACE A S Y S T E M AT I C broad range of commercial ferritic, There was a time when the periodic repair martensitic and precipitation hardened APPROACH grades of stainless STEEL , to inch of mechanical and electrical components was taken for granted. Today, with labor T O S TA I N L E S S nominal diameter. costs at record levels and going up, These specifications cover the 300. STEEL fastener series stainless steels and high man- greater consideration at the design level is being given to the reduction or even SELECTION ganese and high silicon austenitic elimination of maintenance. grades, all of which are essentially 18-8. Selecting the optimum fastener can be an In cases where a joint must be taken (18% chromium and 8% nickel) materials, awesome task for any designer.

4 There is apart and reassembled, the corrosion with compositions very close to the nomi- a staggering diversity of fastener types resistance of the fastener is particularly nal composition for Type 304. Because available (over 500,000 standard items), important so that corrosion will in no way they have similar corrosion resistance and for any one type there can be a large hamper or prevent its removal. The cost properties, these 18-8 materials are often number of sizes from which to choose. of removing rusty bolts, and replacing interchanged in fastener applications. If For example, one of the smallest stan- them with new ones, is more expensive an application calls for Type 304, the dard FASTENERS has a head of inch than using corrosion resistant FASTENERS to designer can generally specify an 18-8.

5 (.254mm) in diameter; the largest has a begin with . (Grade 8) fastener material. head of 4 feet ( ). Other costs resulting from fastener Stainless STEEL is used extensively MANUFACTURE OF. failure, such as downtime and lost pro- throughout industry for both original duction, make an even stronger case for STAINLESS STEEL . equipment manufacture as well as for consideration of high integrity fastener replacement. The purpose of this publica- FASTENERS . systems. tion is to help designers trace an orderly While designers seldom get involved in The 300 series stainless steels offer path through the fastener complexity to the manufacture of FASTENERS , it can be excellent corrosion resistance to most arrive at a stainless STEEL fastener system useful to know something about the freshwater environments, but their yield that best fills the need.

6 Processes involved. This can be espe- strengths are low for some applications. cially true if the product requires a fas- The 400 series stainless steels offer STAINLESS STEEL tener of special design, such as the many high mechanical strength, but have a ten- FASTENERS specials illustrated in the photographs dency to pit and corrode in many fresh- The stainless STEEL fastener materials are throughout this booklet. water systems. identified as the B8 class of alloys and are The precipitation hardened stainless identified in the ASTM Specification steels ( 17-4 PH) provide alternative A193/193M (Standard Specification for material considerations to meet both sets Alloy STEEL and Stainless STEEL Bolting of criteria strength and corrosion resis- Materials for High Temperature Service).

7 Tance while the duplex stainless steels The corresponding nut specification is and super austenitic stainless steels offer ASTM Specification A194/194M. excellent solutions for handling more ASTM Specification F593 (Standard aggressive environments. Specification for Stainless STEEL Bolts, Consequently, the designer needs Hex Cap Screws and Studs) covers the to consider a fastener as a system, and regard the assembled joint as a critical and Table 1 G R A D E 8 F A S T E N E R M A T E R I A L S. integral portion of the design, since the joint is normally an area under the highest SYMBOL ALLOY. stress and often the place where failure is B8/B8A Type 304. most likely to occur. A designer should B8C/B8CA Type 347. start with the optimum fastener and design B8M/B8MA/B8M2/B8M3 Type 316.

8 The joint around that, rather than starting with the joint and then looking for the B8P/B8PA Type 305. fastener that seems most adequate. B8N/B8NA Type 304N. B8MN/B8 MNA Type 316N. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B8 MLCuN/B8 MLCuNA 6% molybdenum alloy The SSINA wishes to acknowledge that B8T/B8TA Type 321. some of the data contained in this hand- B8R/B8RA Nitronic 50. book were originally prepared by the committee of Stainless STEEL Producers, B8S/B8SA Nitronic 60. American Iron and STEEL Institute. Source: Stainless STEEL Industry Data 1. FASTENERS 3/28/00 8:26 AM Page 6. There are two basic methods for pro- expanded the market for special chiefly responsible for corrosion and heat ducing FASTENERS machining and cold FASTENERS . resistance; the other alloying elements heading both of which are applicable to Cold heading has many important are present in stainless STEEL to enhance stainless steels.

9 Advantages in both quality and economy. corrosion resistance and to impart certain MACHINING is the oldest method of Production rates, for example, can characteristics with respect to strength fastener production, and it is still specified exceed 12,000 parts per hour. Cold and fabricability. for very large diameters and for small pro- heading also cold works stainless steels, A total of 60 commercial stainless duction runs. Machining, however, has a which results in significant increases in STEEL types were originally recognized by significant disadvantage, as illustrated in strength for the 300 Series types. the American Iron and STEEL Institute Figure 1a. It disrupts metal grain flow and Following heading, the blank is ready (AISI) as standard compositions.

10 A com- creates planes of weakness in the critical for threading, which is frequently done by plete listing of all stainless steels and a head-to-shank fillet area. The result is roll threading, another cold forming tech- description of each are contained in the some loss in load-carrying ability and a nique that preserves grain flow patterns. SSINA publication, Design Guidelines for drastic reduction in fatigue resistance. There are other operations involved in the Selection and Use of Stainless STEEL . COLD HEADING is a method of forming fastener production, such as head slot- In addition to the standard AISI types, wire into various shapes by causing it to ting, shank slotting (for thread-cutting many special analysis and proprietary plastically flow into die and punch cavities screws), head drilling, etc.


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