WORLD DRUG - United Nations Office on Drugs …

1 WORLD drug report 2016 ResearchResearch2016 WORLD drug REPORTR esearch2016 WORLD drug REPORTUNITED NATIONSNew York, 2016 WORLD drug Report2016 United Nations Office ON Drugs AND crime Vienna United Nations , May 2016 . All rights reserved : 978-92-1-148286-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-057862-2 United Nations publication, Sales No. publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any formfor educational or non-profit purposes without special permission fromthe copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is United Nations Office on Drugs and crime (UNODC) would appreciatereceiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a citation: United Nations Office on Drugs and crime , WORLD drug report 2016 ( United Nations publication, Sales No. ).No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercialpurpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any on the report are welcome and can be sent to:Division for Policy Analysis and Public AffairsUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimePO Box 5001400 Vienna AustriaTel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827E-mail.

2 drug REPORTWORLD drug report 2016iiiThe WORLD drug report 2016 comes at a decisive moment, just months after Member States, at a special session of the General Assembly, adopted a comprehensive set of opera-tional recommendations on the WORLD drug session was only the third in the history of the General Assembly to focus on Drugs , and the resulting outcome document, entitled Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the WORLD drug problem , pro-vides a concrete way forward to take action on shared the outcome document, Member States reaffirmed their commitment to addressing persistent, new and evolving challenges in line with the three international drug control conventions, which were recognized as allowing States par-ties sufficient flexibility to design and implement national drug policies consistent with the principle of common and shared responsibility. The operational recommendations contained in the out-come document encompass measures to address demand and supply reduction, as well as to improve access to con-trolled medicines while preventing their diversion; they cover human rights, youth, children, women and commu-nities and highlight emerging challenges and the need to promote long-term, comprehensive, sustainable, develop-ment-oriented and balanced drug control policies and pro-grammes that include alternative development.

3 The text highlights the importance of drug abuse preven-tion and treatment; encourages the development, adoption and implementation of alternative or additional measures with regard to conviction or punishment; and promotes proportionate national sentencing policies, practices and guidelines for drug -related offences. Now the international community must come together to make good on its commitments. The WORLD drug report 2016 , which provides a compre-hensive overview of major developments in drug markets, trafficking routes and the health impact of drug use, sup-ports comprehensive, balanced and integrated rights-based approaches. This year s report offers insight into the wide-ranging impact of Drugs not only on the health and well-being of individuals, but also on the people around them families and communities. This can include such harms as HIV, as well as the threat of violence, faced in particular by women and children. The report also flags the alarming rise in heroin use in some regions.

4 While the challenges posed by new psychoactive substances remain a serious concern, heroin continues to be the drug that kills the most people. This resurgence must be addressed urgently. The report looks at issues of gender, marginalization, stig-matization, violence and human rights, and considers how counter-narcotics strategies can be sensitive to environmen-tal concerns such as deforestation and pollution. It exam-ines the use of the dark net and new technologies for drug trafficking, as well as the potential of illicit drug profits to fund terrorism and violent , the 2016 report s thematic chapter focuses on the interlinkages between Drugs and development and the importance of development-sensitive drug control poli-cies. This is a topic of particular relevance: as Governments noted in the outcome document, efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and to effectively address the WORLD drug problem are complementary and mutually reinforcing . The research contained in the report can support effective drug and development policies.

5 The evidence is clear: illicit drug cultivation and manufacturing can be eradicated only if policies are aimed at the overall social, economic and environmental development of communities; confronting drug trafficking and its associated violence requires strong, transparent and fair criminal justice institutions and tar-geted efforts to dismantle transnational organized criminal organizations; prevention and treatment of drug use work if they are based on scientific evidence and are gender-sensitive; and the excessive use of imprisonment for drug -related offences of a minor nature is ineffective in reducing recidivism and overburdens criminal justice systems. There is clearly much work to be done to tackle the many evolving and emerging challenges posed by Drugs . The out-come document and its operational recommendations offer a solid foundation, one built on agreed frameworks, informed by evidence and based on the principle of common and shared responsibility.

6 This report , as with all of the Office s expertise and on-the-ground experience in addressing the many aspects of the WORLD drug problem, is at the disposal of Member States as they strive to meet this call to Fedotov Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimePREFACEivWORLD drug REPORTWORLD drug report 2016vPREFACE iii EXPLANATORY NOTES vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix CONCLUSIONS xxiii1. ILLICIT drug MARKETS: SITUATION AND TRENDSA. Extent of drug use 1B. Health impact of drug use 14C. Extent of drug supply 21D. Market analysis by drug type 26 Opiates 26 Cocaine 35 Cannabis 43 Synthetic Drugs : amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances 522. THE WORLD drug PROBLEM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTA. Social development 64B. Economic development 75C. Environmental sustainability 86D. Peaceful, just and inclusive societies 95E. Partnership 105 ANNEX Statistical tables iRegional groupings xxxvGlossary xxxvii CONTENTSA cknowledgementsThe WORLD drug report 2016 was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and crime , under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division, and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.

7 Core teamResearch, study preparation and draftingCoen BussinkDavid MacdonaldChlo CarpentierKamran NiazLiliana M. D valosThomas PietschmannPhilip DavisMartin RaithelhuberAngelica Dur n-Mart nezClinton W. SalogaNatascha Eichinger Justice TetteyJon FlandersFreya Vander LaenenAnja KorenblikAntoine VellaSabrina LevissianosGraphic design and layout Suzanne KunnenKristina Kuttnig Data processing and mapping supportGerald KanduluPreethi PereraUmidjon RakhmonberdievAli Saadeddin EditingJonathan GibbonsCoordinationFrancesca MassanelloReview and commentsThe present report also benefited from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Corruption and Economic crime Branch and the Organized crime and Illicit Trafficking Branch of the Division for Treaty Affairs; and the drug Prevention and Health Branch, the Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, the HIV/AIDS Section and the Justice Section of the Division for Operations. The Research and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the invaluable contributions and advice provided by the WORLD drug report Scientific Advisory Committee, which was formed in 2015 with the following members:Jonathan CaulkinsPaul GriffithsMarya HynesVicknasingam B.

8 KasinatherLetizia Paoli Charles ParryPeter ReuterFrancisco ThoumiAlison RitterBrice De RuyverThe Research and Trend Analysis Branch is also grateful for the waste-water analysis data provided by SEWPROF and the Sewage Analysis CORe group Europe (SCORE), which was used in chapter I of the present report . The HIV research for chapter I of the present report was funded in part by the drug Prevention and Health Branch and the HIV/AIDS Section of the Division for Operations of UNODC. The research for chapter II was made possible by the generous contribution of the Russian Federation and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ). WORLD drug REPORTWORLD drug report 2016viiThe following abbreviations have been used in the present report : ATS amphetamine-type stimulantsCICAD Inter-American drug Abuse Control Commission (Organization of American States)CND Commission on Narcotic DrugsEMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and drug AddictionEuropol European Police OfficeGDP gross domestic productha hectaresINCB International Narcotics Control Board INCSR International Narcotics Control Strategy report of the United States State DepartmentINTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamineMSM Men who have sex with menMDPV 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovaleroneNIDA National Institute on drug Abuse ( United States)NPS new psychoactive substancesOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentEXPLANATORY NOTESThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps do not imply official endorsement or accept-ance by the United Nations .

9 A dotted line represents approximately the line of control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Disputed boundaries (China/India) are repre-sented by cross-hatch owing to the difficulty of showing sufficient detail. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or con-cerning the delimitation of its frontiers or and areas are referred to by the names that were in official use at the time the relevant data were references to Kosovo in the present publication should be understood to be in compliance with Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity about the distinctions between drug use , drug misuse and drug abuse , the neutral terms drug use and drug con-sumption are used in the present uses of the word drug in this report refer to sub-stances under the control of the international drug control analysis contained in this report is based on the official data submitted by Member States to the United Nations Office on Drugs and crime through the annual report questionnaire unless indicated data on population used in the present report are from: United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, WORLD Population Pros-pects: The 2015 Revision.

10 References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise to tons are to metric tons, unless otherwise stated. R stands for the correlation coefficient, used as measure of the strength of a statistical relationship between two or more variables, ranging from 0 to 1 in case of a positive correlation or from 0 to -1 in case of a negative correlation; R2 stands for the square of the coefficient of correlation. viiiPMMA para-methoxymethamphetaminePWID people who inject drugsalpha-PVP alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( United States of America) SCORE Sewage Analysis CORe group EuropeUNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFDAC United Nations Fund for drug Abuse Control WCO WORLD Customs OrganizationWHO WORLD Health OrganizationWORLD drug REPORTEXECUTIVE SUMMARY EX SUMWORLD drug report 2016ix We reiterate our commitment to strengthen our efforts in addressing and countering emerging and persistent challenges and threats of all aspects of the WORLD drug problem.