World War One (1914 – 1919) - Holland Patent Elementary ...

1 1 World War One (1914 1919) The Great War Pre-War Alliances Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary Triple Entente Britain Germany France Italy Russia The MAIN causes of World War One Nationalism (the feeling that specific nation, language or culture is superior to all others). Groups ruled by other nations struggle for independence. Alliances (to make agreements to support each other in times of war). Groups of nations allied themselves to balance the power of others.

2 Imperialism (Getting involved politically and economically in other countries in order to gain wealth and power). European nations, in need of raw materials, fought for colonies in Asia & Africa. Militarism (Competing to build bigger and better armies and navies than rivals) European nations had submarines, tanks, gasses, machine guns and airplanes that made warfare more deadly. 2 Why did this start a war? Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Because of an earlier alliance, Russia agreed to defend Serbia.

3 They mobilized (prepared military) for war. Germany declared war on Russia and France, which Britain to declare war on Germany, which Austria-Hungary to declare war on Russia! Who s is on which side now? Austria-Hungary Central Powers Germany Allied Powers Britain France Russia Italy** ** Note: Italy switched sides in 1915! The Spark that Started the War The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.

4 3 The War in Europe Unlike previous wars, European militarism provided new technologies to help each side, especially: Machine Guns Poisonous Gases Airplanes U-Boats (submarines) They also used new strategies, especially trench warfare: defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches. The area between opposing trenches was called no-man s-land. Much of the fighting took place here. 4 What should the US do? Stay Neutral or Go To War? By the end of 1914, the war had already become a stalemate (neither side could win a decisive victory) So how do we get involved?

5 1) The Sinking of the Lusitania: German U-boat warfare sinks the Lusitania, a British boat with 128 Americans on board. Americans become increasingly upset over German submarines sinking non-military ships. 2) The Zimmerman Note: German ambassador to Mexico proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the US. For their effort, Mexico would receive the lands of New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Americans found out about this and become outraged. On April 6, 1917, we declare war on Germany! - Who wants to be at war?

6 ! - Many thought the War dealt with European matters, not American ones. - Although most sided with the Allies, many Americans had immigrated from the nations of the Central Powers. - American businesses were making lots of money off of the war, especially selling supplies to the Allies. Reasons for Neutrality 5 The United States at Home during the Great War The War Industries Board was created to oversee the production and distribution of goods manufactured by the nation s war industries (steel, copper, rubber, etc).

7 The Committee of Public Information was formed to increase public support for the war effort. They attempted to show the importance of the US being in the War. Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which made all males age 21-30 register for a draft. Numbers were drawn at random for the draft. Liberty Bonds were sold to raise money for supplies for the allies. The Food Administration increased food production in the US to feed allies, while the Fuel Administration increased production of coal, gas and oil.

8 Workers realized the labor shortage allowed them the advantage to strike for higher wages and better working conditions. The National War Labor Board settled disputes between workers and management to prevent strikes. Role of Women: Took over jobs at home, volunteered as nurses and ambulance drivers in the army. 6 Establishing Peace In 1917, Russia had left the War and the US had joined it. In Nov 1918, an armistice (truce) went into effect, bringing an end to the war. Europe After the War - More than 8 million soldiers had been killed, more than 20 million had been wounded.

9 - The economies of the nations involved were ruined. - The land and buildings all over Europe were destroyed. More than $30 billion in property had been destroyed. France, Britain and Germany all were in debt. Wilson s Fourteen Points - President Wilson came up with a plan for peace terms that would not be too hard on the Central Powers and would not lead to another war. These were called the Fourteen Points. - Most of the Points dealt with specific nations or regions, some called for freedom of ships on the seas and smaller armies and navies, and an end to secret agreements between nations.

10 - Emphasized Self-Determination: The right of people to decide their own political status. In other words, rather than have an outside empire decide the political situation, the people could do it themselves. - The last point called for the creation of a League of Nations: an international congress designed to settle disputes and protect democracy. Many Americans and Europeans did not like Wilson s Fourteen Points. They wanted to punish the Germans. Paris Peace Conference - The Big Four (Wilson, British PM Lloyd George, French Premier Clemenceau, Italian PM Orlando) and others meet at Paris Peace Conference figure out terms of peace.