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Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of ...

WRITINGNEXTEFFECTIVE Strategies TO IMPROVEWRITING OF ADOLESCENTS IN MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLSBy Steve Graham and Dolores PerinA Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionfrom Carnegie Corporation of New full-text PDF of this document is available for free and Additional print copies of this report may be ordered fromthe Alliance for Excellent Education at 1201 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 901,Washington, DC 20036,(202) for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, CarnegieCorporation of NewYork, 437 Madison Avenue, New York, NY citation:Graham, S.

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1 WRITINGNEXTEFFECTIVE Strategies TO IMPROVEWRITING OF ADOLESCENTS IN MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLSBy Steve Graham and Dolores PerinA Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionfrom Carnegie Corporation of New full-text PDF of this document is available for free and Additional print copies of this report may be ordered fromthe Alliance for Excellent Education at 1201 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 901,Washington, DC 20036,(202) for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, CarnegieCorporation of NewYork, 437 Madison Avenue, New York, NY citation:Graham, S.

2 , & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next : Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of adolescents in middle and high schools A report to Carnegie Corporation of New , DC: Alliance for ExcellentEducation. 2007 Carnegie Corporation of New York. All rights Corporation s Advancing Literacyprogram is dedicated to the issues of adolescent literacy and the research, policy, and practice that focus on the reading and Writing competencies of middle and highschool Literacyreports and other publications are designed to encourage local and nationaldiscussion, explore promising ideas, and incubate models of practice, but do not necessarily represent the recommendations of the Corporation. For more information, visit by the Alliance for Excellent Strategies TO IMPROVEWRITING OF ADOLESCENTS IN MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLSBy Steve Graham and Dolores PerinA Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New YorkiiAbout Carnegie Corporation of New YorkCarnegie Corporation of New York was created by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to promote theadvancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding.

3 As a grant-making foundation, theCorporation seeks to carry out Carnegie s vision of philanthropy, which he said should aim to do real and permanent good in the world. The Corporation s capital fund, originally donated at a valueof about $135 million, had a market value of $ billion on September 30, Corporationawards grants totaling approximately $80 million a year in the areas of education, international peaceand security, international development, and strengthening democracy. For more information,visit the Alliance for Excellent EducationBased in Washington, , the Alliance for Excellent Education is a national policy and advocacyorganization that works to ensure that all children graduate from high school prepared for college and work and to be contributing members of society.

4 It focuses on the needs of the six million secondary school students (those in the lowest achievement quartile) who are most likely to leaveschool without a diploma or to graduate unprepared for a productive Alliance s audience includes parents, educators, the federal, state, and local policy communities,education organizations,business leaders, the media, and a concerned inform the nationaldebate about education policies and options, the Alliance produces reports and other materials, makespresentations at meetings and conferences, briefs policymakers and the press, and provides timelyinformation to a wide audience via its biweekly newsletter and regularly updated website, AuthorsDr.

5 Steve Grahamis the Currey Ingram Professor of Special Education and Literacy, a chair he shareswith Karen R. Harris, at Vanderbilt University s Peabody College of Education. His research interestsinclude learning disabilities, Writing instruction and Writing development, and the development ofself-regulation. Graham s research has focused primarily on identifying the factors that contribute tothe development of Writing difficulties; the development and validation of Effective procedures forteaching planning, revising, and the mechanics of Writing to struggling writers; and the use of technol-ogy to enhance Writing performance and development. Graham is the editor of Exceptional Childrenand the former editor of Contemporary Educational is coauthor of the Handbook of WritingResearch, Handbook of Learning Disabilities, Writing Better,and Making the Writing Process an EdD in special education from the University of Kansas.

6 In 2001, Graham was elected afellow of the International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities. He is the recipient of careerresearch awards from the Council for Exceptional Children and Special Education Research InterestGroup in the American Educational Research Perinis associate professor of psychology and education at Teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity. She directs the Reading Specialist MA Program, which prepares teachers to assess andteach children and adolescents with reading and Writing difficulties. Perin is also a senior research associate at Teachers College s Community College Research Center. Her research interests includethe education of academically underprepared students in secondary education, community colleges,and adult literacy programs, and the preparation of teachers to incorporate literacy Strategies in content-area instruction in middle and high schools.

7 She is principal investigator of studies entitled Enhancing Teacher Preparation for Adolescent Literacy through Interdisciplinary LearningCommunities (Carnegie Corporation of New York) and Postsecondary Content-Area Reading- Writing Intervention: Development and Determination of Potential Efficacy ( Department ofEducation Institute of Education Sciences).Her work also includes studies of community collegedevelopmental education; the integration of academic and career education, funded by the Alfred Foundation; and state- and federally-funded projects in school-to-work transition, workplace literacy, and adult learning disabilities. Perin received a PhD in psychology from the University ofSussex in England and is a New York State-licensed Report to Carnegie Corporation of New YorkivAcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Andr s Henr quez, program officer at Carnegie Corporation of NewYork, and Cindy Sadler at the Alliance for Excellent Education, who offered helpful suggestions in theconceptualization and reporting of this wish to thank Joel Levin, Chris Schatschneider,and Robert Bangert-Drowns for their advice and assistance.

8 Regan Phillips and Beth Chase assisted in the collection and organization of material for the study, and Paul Morphy served as a second coder to establish reliability. A special thanks goes to Andrew Wilson and Gina Biancarosa, who took a 120-page document and worked and reworked it to make it suitable for a broad notonly made the document more readable but contributed important ideas regarding how this workshould be framed and presented. It was a pleasure to work with are both consummate order of authorship is GrahamDolores PerinWriting next : Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of adolescents in middle and high schoolsvCONTENTSF oreword by Vartan : 11 Key Elements of Effective Adolescent Writing Instruction as Identified by the of Research on Adolescent Writing A: Meta-analysis B:Quasi-experimental and Experimental Studies Supporting the 11 Key Report to Carnegie Corporation of New YorkviWriting next .

9 Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of adolescents in middle and high schools1 FOREWORDA round the world, from the cave paintings in Lascaux, France, which may be 25,000 years old, to theimages left behind by the lost Pueblo cultures of the American Southwest, to the ancient aboriginalart of Australia, the most common pictograph found in rock paintings is the human hand. Coupledwith pictures of animals, with human forms, with a starry night sky or other images that today we canonly identify as abstract, we look at these men s and women s hands, along with smaller prints thatperhaps belong to children,and cannot help but be deeply moved by the urge of our ancestors toleave some permanent imprint of themselves , the instinct for human beings to express their feelings, their thoughts, and their experiences in some lasting form has been with us for a very long urge eventually manifested itself inthe creation of the first alphabet, which many attribute to the people also began to recognize the concept of time.

10 Their desire to express themselves became intertwined with the sense of wanting to leave behind a legacy, a message about who they were, what they had done andseen, and even what they believed inscribed on rock, carved in cuneiform, painted inhieroglyphics, or written with the aid of the alphabet, the instinct to write down everything frommundane commercial transactions to routine daily occurrences to the most transcendent ideas andthen to have others read them, as well as to read what others have written is not simply a way oftransferring information from one person to another, one generation to the next . It is a process oflearning and hence,of and Will Durant were right when they said, Education is the transmission of civilization.


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