Yagi antenna design - NIST

1 :IUSBIM5B? ^ : ;-t-:iWvtfsiofJrvflBPD,<'..1,^CAUOf* , 'soverallgoalistostrengthenandadvancethe Nation' ,theBureauconductsresearchandprovides:(1 )abasisfortheNation'sphysicalmeasurement system,(2)scientificandtechnologicalserv icesforindustryandgovernment,(3)atechnic albasisforequityintrade,and(4) ,theInstituteforMaterialsResearch,theIns tituteforAppliedTechnology,theInstitutef orComputerSciencesandTechnology, ;coordinatesthatsystemwithmeasurementsys temsofothernations;andfurnishesessential servicesleadingtoaccurateanduniformphysi calmeasurementsthroughouttheNation'sscie ntificcommunity,industry, ,theOfficeofRadiationMeasurementandthefo llowingCenteranddivisions:AppliedMathema tics Electricity Mechanics Heat OpticalPhysics CenterforRadiationResearch:NuclearScienc es;AppliedRadiation LaboratoryAstrophysics2 Cryogenics2 Electromagnetics- ,standards,anddataonthepropertiesofwell- characterizedmaterialsneededbyindustry,c ommerce,educationalinstitutions,andGover nment;providesadvisoryandresearchservice stootherGovernmentagencies;anddevelops,p roduces, ,theOfficeofAirandWaterMeasurement,andth efollowingdivisions:AnalyticalChemistry Polymers Metallurgy InorganicMaterials ReactorRadiation ;cooperateswithpublicandprivateorganizat ionsleadingtothedevelopmentoftechnologic alstandards(includingmandatorysafetystan dards),codesandmethodsoftest; :StandardsApplicationandAnalysis ElectronicTechnology CenterforConsumerProductTechnology:Produ ctSystemsAnalysis;ProductEngineering CenterforBuildingTechnology:Structures,M aterials,andLifeSafety.

2 BuildingEnvironment;TechnicalEvalua-tion andApplication CenterforFireResearch:FireScience; ,acquisition,andeffectiveutilizationofau tomaticdataprocessingequipment;andserves astheprincipalfocuswithintheexecutivebra nchforthedevelopmentofFederalstandardsfo rautomaticdataprocessingequipment,techni ques, :ComputerServices SystemsandSoftware ComputerSystemsEngineering ;promotesthedevelopmentoftheNationalStan dardReferenceDataSystemandasystemofinfor mationanalysiscentersdealingwiththebroad eraspectsoftheNationalMeasurementSystem; :OfficeofStandardReferenceData OfficeofInformationActivities OfficeofTechnicalPublications Library OfficeofInternationalRelations ,Maryland,unlessotherwisenoted; ,Colorado80302*t*T0 , , , ,AssistantSecretaryforScienceandTechnolo gyNATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDS,ErnestAmbler , ( ),TechNote688,27pages(December1976) :1976 ForsalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments,US GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington, ( :688)Price65cents( ,Virginia,andatTableMountainnearBoulder, , \ (NumberofDirectors) (NumberofDirectors) (NumberofDirectors) " ] , , ~Element, \LongYagiRadiationPatternsofa5-Element, , , , , ,on88910111112121313l* ,usingmodelingtechniques, ,VHF.)

3 antenna ,director,drivenelement,gain,radi ationpattern,reflector, [1],commonlyknownastheYagi, ,alargenumberofreportshaveappearedinthel iteraturerelativetotheanalysis, design ,an duseoftheYagiantenna[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9],Ho wever,littleornodataseemtohavebeenpresen tedregardinghowparasiticelementdiameter, elementlength,spacingsbetweenelements,su pportingboomsofdifferentcrosssectionalar ea,variousreflectors, , (dB)relativetoadipole(referenceantenna)a tthesameheightabovegroundasthetest( yagi ) ,Virginia,andatTableMountain,Colorado, ^(wavelength) , , , ^, (one-fourthinch) , ^ , \ , , , ;thereflectorwas0.^ '( ).ThegainoftheYagiwasmeasuredasafunction ofantennalength(numberofdirectors] ,measuredfromthedrivenelementtothelastdi rector, , ,5, ,0.^1IX, , ,however,thatasthespacingbetweenelements wasoQ_<<<oh-UJ> <_JLUECCO<C3/t- -DEREFLECTOR2A^ ,S, [LENGTHSNOTCORRECTEDFORBOOMORSUPPORTTHICKNESS] ' \YAGI3:<->LUO (NUMBEROFDIRECTORS) ^i109/ 3-c81:1y/V\^^X?)

4 \o6 \ ^ SQ^^o4<GAINOFDIPOLEANDREFLECTOR2R1l11lI1111/" (NUMBEROFDIRECTORS',FORDIFFERENTCONSTANTSPACINGSBETWEENDIRECTORSOFLENGTHEQUALTO0.*tlU12r- (NUMBEROFDIRECTORS) , , \ , ,notingtheseeffects,werecarriedoutonthedifferentlengthYagisand,togetherwithresultspresentedinTable1,asetofdesigncurveswasproducedandispresentedinfigure9- , (A)showstheeffectsofstackingtwoantennas, , , (B). , ,appropriatelystacked,spacedandfedinphaseyieldedagainof1^. , , (horizontal-solidcurves)andH(vertical-dashedcurves) ( , < | , ! !,v( )K(B)~1(B)(C)1i(B)(D)ELEMENTDIAMETER= <o<CJ3151311-10 DIRECTORLENGTHSOPTIMIZEDFORMAXIMUMGAIN(SEETABLE1) DIRECTORSOFOPTIMUMUNIFORMLENGTHN=NUMBEROFDIRECTORSS=SPACINGBETWEENDIRECTORS( ) ,INWAVELENGTHS, > << <r<r<r< <to,<s <toCMCMCMCMCMroCOoOOOOOIIIIIIIIIINHIS)COCOCOCOCO p_>- 1M**-H t *|5dcoCD_iCOU_CD_lCD_lCDU.)

5 < 1<u.<LU<u.<u.<uj< UJ>-u.>-LU>-OC>-uj>-lu>-a:>-CtftuoeCOocuCD COCDCDr CD o'- o"""" _l_i _1OS_l _) -! _1anoeN4aeec> 1 1*<OS^s<<Q-< ^l-i^Q> <IO ONCOOCMQCMCMCMO to enOr-CM OCO1 frco1 Wf CO<jioU0)/oVfUjZUJCO-l<UJzzzUJLUh-LU7:g<cLU1-COzUJO-Qi UJ3:U_COU_z QK-a:<_lli-LUCdret-LUx:zl-LUo2:x:ujco_iLU<I-Q<ZQ<ZOCD I-co<LUCCQa:<HZCDzz<> < 3CD<O> ^1-Oo:cr<1 ^vCJ3 QZUJ**_J21 OZOOCO3 TOOzO cah-ccCOO2tOD___Q-\-^ <rh-<Li_enO31h-r-OCDLUaZU. LUU__lLULU>LU< :~sUJh-nzLUCO21<:n, Q_Q<a:Y'S1N3W313 OlllSVUVdJOH19N31 WflWIldONl3SV3yONI10o2<> (A)VERTICALSPACING,SINWAVELENGTHS,BETWEE NANTENNAS<2-o-7 ELEMENTYAGIANTENNAS-- -15 ELEMENTYAGIANTENNASII123(B)HORIZONTALSPACING,SINWAVELENGTHS, ,STACKEDONEABOVETHEOTHERANDINBROADSIDE,ASAFUNCTIONOFSPACINGlu20<19<o<^1716< >/XsX/K-X/W<WX^<sX'X\ ,HINWAVELENGTHS, )N*rf^Kgs-::1'-~^\NHPLANE-//* \\\*E;;;;H-\N/\,f-IU1_ -\A-^,-EPLANE--\--^---90*120"AzimuthalAn gle, <u"OCDNA zimuthalAngle,degreesFIG.

6 \kRADIATIONPATTERNSOFA3-ELEMENT, ;-aCDMX-:/ v///VWE:48*-1\\\JL'WH=56'v11:\\y'\\1\i:: :ij\\f1/\\\\1V\y\\\1\\\1\'"\\\\\ly~^91\l /\i."iiii\V-piIi1--AzimuthalAngle, , , , >CL)a>NAzimuthalAngle, , , , , , \LONGYAG15element) ~dBEandHplanebeamwidthsmeasured66and111 ^Xantenna,asshowninfigure14, ,front-to-sideratioisintheorderof24dB, ,front-to-sideratioremainedcomparabletot he3-elementantenna;however, ,12,17and15-elementYagisasshowninfigures 16through19, , , , , , ,9-2, , , ,thefollowingbasicinformationisrequireda nd,ofcourse, ,f(wavelength,A) ,G(dB) (directors-reflectors)usedinconstruction , , , , , , ;thesecondexamplepresentsastep-by-steppr ocedureforthedesignofa15-element, , (1in.) (2in.) ,A=597cm.(235in.)ElementDiameter,d= (1in.)d/A= ,D= (2in.)D/A= (47in.) (188in.)16 STEP1 , ,L,,,LDanddeterminetheparasiticelementle ngthsford/A= :Forourdesign,wheretheelementdiametertow avelengthratiod/A= ,plotandestablishthispointonthedirectorc urveandindicatebyacheckmark(/).

7 ,determinetheuncompensatedlengthoftheref lectorLD= :Withapairofdividers, , , :L= , , , + ^7A= + + , <<r<<<<<r<Uir<sinCMCMCMCMCMcoCOooodddoIIII iiiiniiiiCOtocococoCOCO-'3-< 1(3 1 CDLl_O_| <Lu<LU<U.<L.<LU<LU>-u_>-LU>-cc>-LU>-LU>-CC>-acLUOLOScsC9 OCISUJ OCDCO, CD,-zZi 5-z z zZOr-oooo o _J_J 1Q _i _i _ioe iaeC i oeaem ^r< <>-<r<Q,<_,<(_^Q*<oLO i s-oCMCOOCMOCMCMcma COOi CMi OMi- cii- r r-CO tjiEOUS>/kS>oCOr<1-CMO\ZoLU3:*LUo_l LU1-<C3Q zXz1- LUo2 :t _Jh-<oLULUX>alu<CO3zzo oo1-COLULUCC>QiLU0 LUn1-=)<->LU XCOLT)<zz CJJoaCOl-tJJ "3-zQOLU<OZU.>-oLUCOoCMOVOcoCMOOOOOOOOSH19N313 AMNlS1N3W313 JOH19N3118 Iftheantennaisdesignedwitha200ohmbalance dinputimpedance, , [10,11,12].Asasecondexample, \longYagitoprovideagainof1^. :Frequency827 MHz,A= *+cm.(1^.3in.)Elementdiameter,d= ,D= (1/2in.)

8 D/A= , ^=L^,L ..L andlocateD,D2D3D13theparasiticelementlen gthsonthecurveasinthepreviousexamplefort hed/A= :Forourparticulardesign,however,wherethe elementdiametertowavelengthratiod/A= , (/).Thisistheuncompensateddirectorlength ofD=D= :Forthesamed/Aratio,determinetheuncompen satedlengthofthereflector,LD= ;fromcurveD, :Withtheuseofapairofdividers, (/)markdownwardalongthedirectorcurveandd etermineL= ,=D toD,.Transposethisdistancefrominitial(/) pointanddeterminelengthofD,= , ,L= ,L= , :Again, , ,determinethislength= ,torealizemaximumgainfromthisantenna,mea sureandcuttheparasiticelementstothefollo winglengths:19 COto <r< <<<mr< CMCMCM<MCMcocoOO O OoIIIIIIIIIII tiitof>1/1 COt/ i/>COa. t -i_lt 1 CD_itflLI-(9 JUJUbLcou_< 1<u-CEUJ<Lk.<LL.<LU<UJ>-u.>-UJ>-q:>-LU>-LU>-d > <xLUecoeecCDOfCPOi COCD( , zo*~o ooo*o Of _l_l ia:-j _i--tec ia:OfMecec> - <<OS < - r<Or< >r< >^<a> <aLO "a-oEMCOONQNCMcma O m enOi CMf o<np-*n^<#t p co[<JweoM3aq\\UJ1oCOCM\LUOaLUA_loLUl-CO<zCH CMzX LU\ <,_ ILUX LU>alu<zzCO3 so00Q 1-LULU>a:cca:luUJ3o.))]

9 < r-o 2 LUCO'zzC3 Oto o8aCOLU t acoz<ooLULl.>-oLUr<-JLUrslLUto 3-s-COooCMCDU-CMsSH19N313 AVKNlS1N3W313 JOH19N3120L=L=.41^tX+ + + + + + + + ,stackingofantennas,sidebysideandoneabov etheothei allfedinphase , [1]Shintaro,U.,andYasuto,M., yagi -UdaAnte nnas(SasokiPrintingandPublishingCo.,Ltd. ,Senda,Japan,1954).[2]Mailloux, ,ThelongYagi-Udaarray,IEEE, ,AP-14, ( ).[3]Barbano,N.,LogperiodicYagi-Udaarray ,IEEE, ,AP-14, ( ).[4]Thiele, ,AnalysisYYagi-Udatypeantennas,IEEE, , ( ).[5]Emerson,J.,ArrangingYagiantennasfor positiveresults,BroadcastEngineering, , (May1971).[6]Shen,L.,Directivityandbandw idthofsingle-bandanddoublebandYagiarrays ,IEEE, ,AP-20, ( ).21[7]Cheng, ,andChen, ,OptimumelementspacingsforYagi-Udaarrays ,IEEE,TransAntennasandProp.,AP-21, ( ).[8]Chen, ,andCheng, ,OptimumelementlengthsforYagi-Udaarrays, IEEE, ,AP-23, ( ).

10 [9]Nose,K.,CrossedYagiantennasforcircula rpolarization,QST, ( ).[10]Healey, ,Ill,AnexaminationoftheGammaMatch,QST, ( ).[11]Nose,K.,AdjustmentofGamma-matchedp arasiticbeams,QST, ( ).[12]TheRadioAmateur'sHandbook,FiftySec ondEd.(AMRadioRelayLeague,1976).22m^mi^^ ' ' (S) , (Street,City,State,ZIP) ( ,mentionithere.)Thisreportpresentsdata,u singmodelingtechniques, ,VHF, , (sixtotwelveentries;alphabeticalorder;ca pitalizeonlythefirstletterofthefirstkeyw ordunlessapropername;separatedbysemicolo ns) antenna ,director,drivenelement,gain,r adiationpattern,reflector, ~ )CX! , , , !688 JOrderFromNationalTechnicalInformationSe rvice(NTIS)Springfield, (THISREPORT) (THISPAGE) $ ,mathematics, ,availableseparately: PhysicsandChemistry(SectionA) ,withmajoremphasisonstandardsofphysicalm easurement,fundamentalcon-stants, :Domestic,$ ;Foreign,$ MathematicalSciences(SectionB) ,theoryofexperimentdesign,numericalanaly sis,theoreticalphysicsandchemistry, :Domestic,$.