2.1 Qualitative and quantitative approaches to risk …

produced by the reinsurance bro-ker E.W. Blanch in 1987 (White and Budde, 2001), followed by the United States earthquake in 1988. Reinsur-ance brokers and reinsurers also lead the field in Europe; however, the early 1990s saw the rise of three major ca-tastrophe modelling firms, which still dominated the industry in 2016.

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