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141 THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT: 1870S-1947 The Making of the NationalMovement: 1870s--194711In the previous chapters we have looked at: The British conquest of territories, and takeoverof kingdoms Introduction of new laws and administrativeinstitutions Changes in the lives of peasants and tribals Educational changes in the nineteenth century Debates regarding the condition of women Challenges to the caste system Social and religious reform The revolt of 1857 and its aftermath The decline of crafts and growth of industriesOn the basis of what you have read about theseissues, do you think Indians were discontented withBritish rule? If so, how were different groups and classesdissatisfied?Fig. 1 Police teargasdemonstrators during theQuit india movement NCERTnot to be republishedOUR PASTS III142 The Emergence of NationalismThe above-mentioned developments led the people toask a crucial question: what is this country of Indiaand for whom is it meant?

The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. All sections of the Congress – the Moderates and the Radicals, as they may be called – opposed it. Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest developed. The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the

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