6. Water treatment

6. Water treatment . 71. 6. Water treatment Introduction Water can be contaminated by the following agents: Pathogens disease-causing organisms that include bacteria, amoebas and viruses, as well as the eggs and larvae of parasitic worms. Harmful chemicals from human activities (industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers). Chemicals and minerals from the natural environment, such as arsenic, common salt and fluorides. Some non-harmful contaminants may influence the taste, smell, colour or temperature of Water , and make it unacceptable to the community. Water from surface sources is often contaminated by microbes, whereas groundwater is normally safer, but even groundwater can be contaminated by harmful chemicals from human activities or from the natural environment.

followed by filtration and settlement. Fluoride High concentrations of fluoride (above 1.5 mg/l, the WHO guideline value) can dam-age bones and teeth. Low-cost treatment methods include the Nalgonda system (which uses lime to soften the water), and using alum as a coagulant. With either treatment, the

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