Transcription of APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS
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APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS
VOL. 21, NO. 4, 1997325 RESEARCH UPDATEAPOPTOSIS AND NECROSISTwo Types of Cell Death in Alcoholic Liver DiseaseAmin A. Nanji, , and Susanne Hiller-Sturmh fel, alcohol consumption over long periods of timecan result in severe liver damage, including death ofliver cells ( , hepatocytes). Two mechanisms APOPTOSIS and NECROSIS can contribute to hepatocytedeath. In APOPTOSIS , the affected cell actively participatesin the cell death process, whereas in NECROSIS the celldeath occurs in response to adverse conditions in thecell s environment. Numerous factors that may con-tribute to the initiation of hepatocyte APOPTOSIS areaffected by alcohol consumption. These factors includethe enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 ( , CYP2E1), smallmolecules ( , cytokines) involved in cell communi-cation, oxidativestress, and changes in ironmetabolism. Similarly, alcohol consumption can in-fluence several factors believed to be involved in hepa-tocyte NECROSIS , includingdepletion of theenergy-storing molecule adenosine-triphosphate, re-duced oxygen levels ( , hypoxia) in the liver, oxida-tivestress, and bacterial molecules called WORDS: alcoholic liver disorder; NECROSIS ; cytolysis;hepatocyte; cytochrome P450; oxidation-reduction;iron; metabolic disorder; ATP (adenosine triphos-phate); hypoxia; endotoxins; biochemical mechanism;pathogenesis; literature reviewMany people who drink heavily over extendedperiods of time ( , several years) develo
in alcoholic liver disease, see the article by McClain et al., pp. 317–320.) Two cytokines that can induce apoptosis are TNF-αand TGF-β1.3 In the liver, TNF-αis produced and secreted by a certain type of immune cell called Kupffer cells. Several studies have found that TNF-αlevels were elevated in patients
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