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Automobile Dependency and Economic …
Victoria Transport Policy Institute Website: Email: 1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria, BC, V8V 3R7, CANADA Phone & Fax 250-360-1560 "Efficiency - Equity - Clarity" Institute for Science and Technology Policy Murdoch University Website: E-mail: South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, AUSTRALIA Phone +61-8-9360-2913 Fax +61-8-9360-6421 1996-1999 All Rights Reserved Automobile Dependency and Economic Development by Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute and Felix Laube Institute for Science and Technology Policy Murdoch University, Perth, Australia 6 August, 2002 Abstract Automobile Dependency consists of high levels of per capita Automobile travel, Automobile oriented land use patterns and limited transport alternatives. Automobile Dependency has many impacts on consumers, society and the economy. It increases mobility and convenience to motorists. It increases consumers' transportation costs and resource consumption, requires significant financial and land resources for roads and parking facilities, and it increases traffic congestion, roadway risk and environmental impacts.
Automobile Dependency and Economic Development 1 Introduction Automobile dependency is defined as high levels of per capita automobile travel, automobile oriented land use patterns and reduced transport alternatives.1 The opposite of
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