Basic Elasticity and viscoelasticity

Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher chapter one . Basic Elasticity and viscoelasticity In the physically stressful environment there are three ways in which a material can respond to external forces. It can add the load directly onto the forces that hold the constituent atoms or molecules together, as occurs in simple crystalline (includ- ing polymeric crystalline) and ceramic materials such materials are typically very rigid; or it can feed the energy into large changes in shape (the main mechanism in noncrystalline polymers) and flow away from the force to deform either semiper- manently (as with viscoelastic materials) or permanently (as with plastic materials).

the ratio of stress to strain is a characteristic of a material. This ratio is the stiffness or Young’s modulus, E: E f v = . [Eq. 1.3] The units of E are the same as for stress, since strain is a pure number. Graphs show-ing the relationship between stress and strain are conveniently plotted with the strain

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  Stress, Strain, Elasticity, Stress and strain

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