CHAPTER NINE COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS

212 CHAPTER NINECOVALENT bonding : energy is directly proportional to bond order. Bond length is inversely proportional to bondorder. Bond energy and bond length can be electrons in sigma bonding molecular ORBITALS are attracted to two nuclei, which is a lower, morestable energy arrangement for the electrons than in separate atoms. In sigma antibonding molecularorbitals, the electrons are mainly outside the space between the nuclei, which is a higher, less stableenergy arrangement than in the separated : Unpaired electrons are present. Measure the mass of a substance in the presence andabsence of a magnetic field. A substance with unpaired electrons will be attracted by the magneticfield, giving an apparent increase in mass in the presence of the field.

214 CHAPTER 9 COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS arrangement of electron pairs about each central atom using the VSEPR model; then utilize the information in Figure 9.24 of the text to deduce the hybridization required for that arrangement of

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