Transcription of Chapter Twelve ATOMS
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Chapter Twelve ATOMS
INTRODUCTIONBy the nineteenth century, enough evidence had accumulated in favour ofatomic hypothesis of matter. In 1897, the experiments on electric dischargethrough gases carried out by the English physicist J. J. Thomson (1856 1940) revealed that ATOMS of different elements contain negatively chargedconstituents (electrons) that are identical for all ATOMS . However, ATOMS on awhole are electrically neutral. Therefore, an atom must also contain somepositive charge to neutralise the negative charge of the electrons. But whatis the arrangement of the positive charge and the electrons inside the atom?In other words, what is the structure of an atom?The first model of atom was proposed by J.
chapter. Ernst Rutherford (1871–1937), a former research student of J. J. Thomson, was engaged in experiments on α-particles emitted by some radioactive elements. In 1906, he proposed a classic experiment of scattering of these α-particles by atoms to investigate the atomic structure. This experiment was later performed around 1911 by Hans
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